Periodontitis Histopathological Analysis and Its Correlation to the Biochemical Parameters in Oxidative Stress

Ali Shafeeq Neameh; Ali Mohammed Kadhim; Hussein Riyadh Ali Shlakah

doi:10.51699/cajmns.v7i2.3171

Authors

Ali Shafeeq Neameh PhD in pathology, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Jabir Ibn Hayyan For medical and pharmaceutical sciences, An-Najaf, Iraq.
Ali Mohammed Kadhim MSc in Clinical Biochemistry, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Jabir Ibn Hayyan For medical and pharmaceutical sciences, An-Najaf, Iraq.
Hussein Riyadh Ali Shlakah 1. Hussein Riyadh Ali Shlaka, MSc in Molecular Hematology, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Jabir Ibn Hayyan For medical and pharmaceutical sciences, An-Najaf, Iraq.

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.51699/cajmns.v7i2.3171

Keywords:

periodontitis, malondialdehyde, ceruloplasmin

Abstract

Purpose: Researchers in this study set out to determine if periodontal disease patients' saliva had any histological alterations or oxidative stress. Materials and Methods: In our study, we compared two groups of periodontitis patients, one with stage I and another with stage II, using saliva and serum samples. We also included a group of 15 volunteers who had no dental restorations. We used the thiobarbituric acid technique to dose malondialdehyde MDA and Ravin's method to determine ceruloplasmin. The periodontal fragments were prepared for histopathological analysis by quickly fixing them in 10% neutral formalin. Then, they were embedded in paraffin according to the standard histology protocol. Results: Patients in the second stage of periodontitis had lower salivary MDA readings than those in the first stage. Compared with the control group, patients with stage I periodontitis had a much higher blood concentration of MDA; however, in individuals with stage II periodontitis, this concentration was much lower. In the control group, there are no statistically significant differences in serum ceruloplasmin levels between patients with periodontitis stage II and those with periodontitis stage I. Conclusions: Since there is a greater concentration of malondialdehyde (MDA) in the circulation than in saliva, it cannot be a byproduct of blood filtering. There is a robust relationship between biochemical factors and tissue changes. Plaque removal from teeth helps keep mouths healthy.

References

Khan, M. A., & Ali, S. (2023). Role of oxidative stress in periodontal disease: A review. Journal of Periodontology, 94(2), 150-158.

Zhang, Y., & Wang, Y. (2024). Histopathological findings in periodontitis: Implications for oxidative stress. Oral Diseases, 30(1), 45-52.

Ali, F., & Kumar, V. (2023). Inflammatory response in chronic periodontitis: A histopathological perspective. International Journal of Dental Research, 12(3), 200-210.

Viglianisi, G., Tartaglia, G. M., Santonocito, S., Amato, M., Polizzi, A., Mascitti, M., & Isola, G. (2023). The emerging role of salivary oxidative stress biomarkers as prognostic markers of periodontitis: new insights for a personalized approach in dentistry. Journal of personalized medicine, 13(2), 166.

Shang, J., Liu, H., Zheng, Y., & Zhang, Z. (2023). Role of oxidative stress in the relationship between periodontitis and systemic diseases. Frontiers in physiology, 14, 1210449.

Mansoor, H., & Rahman, K. (2026). Antioxidant enzymes and their relationship with periodontal disease severity. Archives of Oral Biology, 70(1), 89-97.

Kwon, T., Lamster, I. B., & Levin, L. (2021). Current Concepts in the Management of Periodontitis. International dental journal, 71(6), 462–476. https://doi.org/10.1111/idj.12630

Bullon, P., Giampieri, F., Bullon, B., & Battino, M. (2025). The role of oxidative stress in periodontitis. Journal of Periodontal Research.

Herrera-Quintana, L., Iturbe-Sanz, P., Olivares-Arancibia, J., Vázquez-Lorente, H., & Plaza-Diaz, J. (2026). Interplay of Microbiome, Oxidative Stress, and Inflammation in Health and Disease. Antioxidants, 15(2), 222. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox15020222.

Lorente, L., Hernández Marrero, E., Abreu González, P., Lorente Martín, A. D., González-Rivero, A. F., Marrero González, M. J., Hernández Marrero, C., Hernández Marrero, O., Jiménez, A., & Hernández Padilla, C. M. (2025). High Salivary Malondialdehyde Levels Are Independently Associated with Periodontitis. Journal of Clinical Medicine, 14(9), 2993. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm14092993

Papadakis, K. A., Doufexi, A. E., Kalamaki, M. S., Bourazanas, E., & Lymperaki, E. (2025). The Role of Oxidative Stress in the Relationship Between Periodontitis and Alzheimer's Disease: A Review of the Literature. Journal of personalized medicine, 15(8), 384. https://doi.org/10.3390/jpm15080384

Deng Y, Fu R, Shang Y, Hu M, Xin X, Hou Y, Yu W and Liu X (2025) Genipin attenuates oxidative damage in periodontal tissues by alleviating mitochondrial dysfunction and abnormal glucose uptake through inhibition of UCP2. Front. Pharmacol. 16:1446574. doi: 10.3389/fphar.2025.1446574

Spinelli, S., Marino, A., Morabito, R., & Remigante, A. (2024). Interplay Between Metabolic Pathways and Increased Oxidative Stress in Human Red Blood Cells. Cells, 13(23), 2026. https://doi.org/10.3390/cells13232026

Masenga, S. K., Kabwe, L. S., Chakulya, M., & Kirabo, A. (2023). Mechanisms of Oxidative Stress in Metabolic Syndrome. International journal of molecular sciences, 24(9), 7898. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms24097898 .

Liu, Z., Wang, M., Zhang, C., Zhou, S., & Ji, G. (2022). Molecular Functions of Ceruloplasmin in Metabolic Disease Pathology. Diabetes, metabolic syndrome and obesity : targets and therapy, 15, 695–711. https://doi.org/10.2147/DMSO.S346648 .

Patil, R. T., Dhadse, P. V., Salian, S. S., & Punse, S. D. (2024). Role of Oxidative Stress in Periodontal Diseases. Cureus, 16(5), e60779. https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.60779 .

Bassani, B., Cucchiara, M., Butera, A., Kayali, O., Chiesa, A., Palano, M. T., Olmeo, F., Gallazzi, M., Dellavia, C. P. B., Mortara, L., Parisi, L., & Bruno, A. (2023). Neutrophils’ Contribution to Periodontitis and Periodontitis-Associated Cardiovascular Diseases. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 24(20), 15370. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms242015370 .

Radzki, D., Negri, A., Kusiak, A., & Obuchowski, M. (2024). Matrix Metalloproteinases in the Periodontium-Vital in Tissue Turnover and Unfortunate in Periodontitis. International journal of molecular sciences, 25(5), 2763. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25052763

Liu, W., & Guo, D. (2025). Oxidative stress in periodontitis and the application of antioxidants in treatment: a narrative review. Frontiers in Physiology, 16, 1485367.