Detection of Relationship of Histopathological and Clinical Features of Colon Cancer in patient's

Sabreen Saleem Abd Alkreem Alsaqi

doi:10.51699/cajmns.v7i1.3041

Sabreen Saleem Abd Alkreem Alsaqi Department of Anatomy, Collage of Medicine, University of Babylon, Iraq

DOI: https://doi.org/10.51699/cajmns.v7i1.3041

Keywords: Colon cancer, histopathological, risk factors

Abstract

Colon cancer, also referred to as colorectal carcinoma when associated with rectal cancer, A heightened rate of colonic epithelial proliferation and an expansion of the cryptal proliferative zone are likely indicators of enhanced susceptibility to colonic cancer. Colonic cancer is not a singular disease; instead, it comprises a heterogeneous array of diseases characterized by distinct genetic and epigenetic alterations. The aim of this study was to identify correlations between histopathological examination and clinical symptoms. A total of 50 tissue blocks embedded in paraffin wax were utilized. A total of 50 patients with colon cancer (17 females and 33 males) underwent histopathological examination using a staining technique involving hematoxylin and eosin. Our study found that the average age of the patients was 52.2 years, with a male-to-female ratio of 2.13:1. The study shows no correlation between age (male and female) and the stage and grade of the tumor. Improvements in molecular biology, targeted therapy, and immunotherapy have changed how we manage thing

References

R. L. Siegel, K. D. Miller, H. E. Fuchs, and A. Jemal, “Cancer statistics, 2025,” CA Cancer J. Clin., vol. 75, no. 1, pp. 5–29, 2025.

World Health Organization, Colorectal Cancer Fact Sheet. Geneva, Switzerland: WHO, 2024.

National Cancer Institute, “Colon and Rectal Cancer—Patient Version,” 2024. Accessed: Nov. 2025. [Online]. Available: https://www.cancer.gov/types/colorectal

American Cancer Society, Colorectal Cancer Statistics, 2024. [Online]. Available: https://www.cancer.org/

E. Dekker, P. J. Tanis, J. L. A. Vleugels, P. M. Kasi, and M. B. Wallace, “Colorectal cancer,” Lancet, vol. 394, no. 10207, pp. 1467–1480, 2019.

J. Guinney et al., “The consensus molecular subtypes of colorectal cancer,” Nat. Med., vol. 21, no. 11, pp. 1350–1356, 2015.

M. J. Overman et al., “Nivolumab in patients with metastatic DNA mismatch repair-deficient colorectal cancer,” J. Clin. Oncol., vol. 42, no. 3, pp. 210–220, 2024.

R. Dienstmann, L. Vermeulen, J. Guinney, S. Kopetz, S. Tejpar, and J. Tabernero, “Consensus molecular subtypes and the evolution of precision medicine in colorectal cancer,” Nat. Rev. Cancer, vol. 17, no. 2, pp. 79–92, 2017.

H. Brenner, M. Kloor, and C. P. Pox, “Colorectal cancer,” Lancet, vol. 383, no. 9927, pp. 1490–1502, 2014.

E. J. Kuipers et al., “Colorectal cancer,” Nat. Rev. Dis. Primers, vol. 1, p. 15065, 2015.

L. Falkeholm, C. A. Grant, A. Magnusson, and E. Möller, “Xylene-free method for histological preparation: a multicentre evaluation,” Lab. Invest., vol. 81, no. 9, pp. 1213–1221, 2001.

E. Van Cutsem et al., “ESMO consensus guidelines for the management of patients with metastatic colorectal cancer,” Ann. Oncol., vol. 27, no. 8, pp. 1386–1422, 2016.

P. M. Kasi and A. Grothey, “Chemotherapy in advanced colorectal cancer: A review,” JAMA Oncol., vol. 4, no. 6, pp. 847–856, 2018.

J. Hartman and J.-Å. Gustafsson, “Estrogen receptors in colorectal cancer: goalkeepers, strikers, or bystanders?,” Cancer Prev. Res., vol. 3, no. 8, pp. 897–899, 2010.

M. Arnold, M. S. Sierra, M. Laversanne et al., “Global patterns and trends in colorectal cancer incidence and mortality,” Gut, vol. 66, no. 4, pp. 683–691, 2017.

B. Vogelstein, E. R. Fearon, S. R. Hamilton et al., “Genetic alterations during colorectal-tumor development,” N. Engl. J. Med., vol. 319, no. 9, pp. 525–532, 1988.

E. R. Fearon and B. Vogelstein, “A genetic model for colorectal tumorigenesis,” Cell, vol. 61, no. 5, pp. 759–767, 1990.

C. J. Rees and R. Bevan, “The future of colorectal cancer screening: Innovations and challenges,” Nat. Rev. Gastroenterol. Hepatol., vol. 18, no. 10, pp. 605–617, 2021.

S. C. Larsson, E. Giovannucci, and A. Wolk, “Diabetes and colorectal cancer incidence in the cohort of Swedish men,” Diabetes Care, vol. 28, no. 7, pp. 1805–1807, 2005.

W. Luo, Y. Cao, C. Liao, and F. Gao, “Diabetes mellitus and the incidence and mortality of colorectal cancer: a meta-analysis of 24 cohort studies,” Colorectal Dis., vol. 14, no. 11, pp. 1307–1312, 2012.

P. S. Liang, T. Y. Chen, and E. Giovannucci, “Cigarette smoking and colorectal cancer incidence and mortality: Systematic review and meta-analysis,” Int. J. Cancer, vol. 124, no. 10, pp. 2406–2415, 2009.