Spectrophotometric Determination of Sulfamethoxazole in Pure Form and its Pharmaceutical Formulation Using UV-Vis spectrophotometry
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.51699/cajmns.v6i4.2986Keywords:
Oxidative coupling reaction, 2-Naphthol reagent, N-Bromosuccinimide (NBS), Beer’s law validation, Analytical method development, Pharmaceutical quality control, Colorimetric analysisAbstract
A simple and sensitive spectrophotometric method was developed for the determination of Sulfamethoxazole (SMX) in pure and pharmaceutical forms. The method is based on an oxidative coupling reaction between SMX and 2-Naphthol (2-NPH) in an alkaline medium using N-Bromosuccinimide (NBS) as an oxidant, forming a stable red-colored product with maximum absorbance at 500 nm. Reaction conditions were optimized to achieve the highest color intensity and stability. Beer’s law was obeyed in the range of 4–20 µg mL⁻¹, with a molar absorptivity of 1.22 × 10⁴ L mol⁻¹ cm⁻¹ and limits of detection and quantification of 0.1457 µg mL⁻¹ and 0.4420 µg mL⁻¹, respectively. The method showed excellent accuracy and precision (recoveries of 99–101%, RSD < 2%) and was successfully applied to Bactrim tablets without interference from excipients. This method is simple, reproducible, and suitable for routine quality control of SMX.
References
C. Bachert, P. Van Cauwenberge, N. Khaltaev, and W. H. Organization, “Allergic rhinitis and its impact on asthma. In collaboration with the World Health Organization. Executive summary of the workshop report. 7-10 December 1999, Geneva, Switzerland,” Allergy, vol. 57, no. 9, pp. 841–855, 2002.
J. Bousquet, M. Bullinger, C. Fayol, P. Marquis, B. Valentin, and B. Burtin, “Assessment of quality of life in patients with perennial allergic rhinitis with the French version of the SF-36 Health Status Questionnaire,” J. Allergy Clin. Immunol., vol. 94, no. 2, pp. 182–188, 1994.
E. O. Meltzer, “The prevalence and medical and economic impact of allergic rhinitis in the United States.,” J. Allergy Clin. Immunol., vol. 99, no. 6 Pt 2, pp. S805-28, 1997.
D. P. Skoner, “Allergic rhinitis: definition, epidemiology, pathophysiology, detection, and diagnosis,” J. Allergy Clin. Immunol., vol. 108, no. 1, pp. S2–S8, 2001.
I. O. A. Reid, S. M. Osman, and S. M. Bakheet, “Analytical techniques for the determination of pseudoephedrine combinations with non-sedating H1 antihistamines in pharmaceutical dosage forms,” J. Glob. Heal. Sci., vol. 6, no. 2, 2024.
F. E. R. Simons, “Advances in H1-antihistamines,” N. Engl. J. Med., vol. 351, no. 21, pp. 2203–2217, 2004.
M. S. Dykewicz et al., “Diagnosis and management of rhinitis: complete guidelines of the Joint Task Force on Practice Parameters in Allergy, Asthma and Immunology,” Ann. Allergy, Asthma Immunol., vol. 81, no. 5, pp. 478–518, 1998.
Al-Ghannam, S. M., & Belal, F. (2002). Spectrophotometric determination of certain sulfa drugs by oxidative coupling with N-(1-naphthyl)ethylenediamine dihydrochloride. Il Farmaco, 57(9), 713–718. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0014-827X(02)01258-3
El-Didamony, A. M. (2008). Spectrophotometric determination of sulfonamide derivatives through oxidative coupling reactions. Spectrochimica Acta Part A: Molecular and Biomolecular Spectroscopy, 71(5), 1884–1890. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.saa.2008.06.016
Kaur, H., & Kapoor, V. K. (2016). Analytical methods for sulfonamides and their metabolites in pharmaceutical and biological matrices. Journal of Pharmaceutical Analysis, 6(5), 255–266. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpha.2016.04.005
Amin, A. S., & El-Sharawy, R. F. (2010). A novel spectrophotometric method for the determination of Sulfamethoxazole in pharmaceutical formulations. Analytical Chemistry: An Indian Journal, 9(2), 73–80.
Shakkor SJ, Mohammed N, Shakor SR. Spectrophotometric1Method1for Determination of Methyldopa in Bure and Pharmaceutical Formulation Based on Oxidative Coupling Reaction. Chem. Methodol. 2022; 6(11):851-860.
Ahmed AM, Ahmed ZT. Estimation of Furosemide Spectrophotometrically in Pharmaceutical preparations by Oxidative Coupling Reaction. Tikrit Journal of Pure Science. 2022 Sep 13;27(4):39-46.
Hussein KS, Ahmed AM, Mohammed FY. Spectrophotometric determination of salbutamol by oxidative coupling reaction with 1-Naphthylamine-4-sulfonic acid in the presence of potassium per sulfate. Medical Journal of Babylon. 2021 Jul 1;18(3):249-56.
K. M. Elsherif, “Spectrophotometric and conductometric study: determination of stoichiometry and stability constant using method of continuous variation (Job’s method) and mole ratio method,” Int. J. Nanochem., 2020.
