Regulatory Roles of microRNAs in The Immune Response to Entamoeba Histolytica Infection
Abstract
Entamoeba histolytica, the protozoan parasite responsible for amebiasis, remains a significant global health concern, especially in developing regions. The host immune response to E. histolytica involves a complex interplay between innate and adaptive immunity, including the activation of macrophages, neutrophils, and the production of cytokines such as IL-1β, IFN-γ, and TNF-α. Recent research has revealed that microRNAs (miRNAs) small non-coding RNAs that post-transcriptionally regulate gene expression play crucial roles in modulating these immune responses during infection. This review highlights the current understanding of miRNA-mediated regulation of host immunity against E. histolytica. Specific miRNAs, such as miR-155, miR-146a, and miR-21, have been shown to regulate inflammatory signaling pathways including NF-κB and MAPK, thereby influencing cytokine production and immune cell activation. Additionally, miRNAs can modulate the expression of Toll-like receptors and other pattern recognition receptors, which are critical for the early detection of the parasite. Dysregulation of miRNA expression during infection may contribute to excessive inflammation or immune evasion by the parasite. Understanding the miRNA–immune interaction offers insights into host-pathogen dynamics and opens new avenues for therapeutic interventions. Targeting key miRNAs may represent a novel strategy to enhance host defense or limit tissue damage in amebiasis. Overall, this review emphasizes the emerging regulatory roles of miRNAs in shaping the immune landscape during E. histolytica infection and underscores their potential as biomarkers and therapeutic targets in parasitic diseases.
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