Central Asian Journal of Medical and Natural Science

Antibiotic Profile for Bacteria Isolated from Urinary Tract Infection in Babylon Province

Zainab Hafedh — 2025-06-27

The purpose of this work was to ascertain the antibiotic profile of bacteria extracted from patient urinary tract infections (UTIs) from community urine samples. Commonly including bacterial and, occasionally, fungal or viral infections, urinary tract infections (UTIs) are healthcare concerns. Antibiotic resistance has grown out of the illogical prescribing and usage of antibiotics in UTI therapy. From male and female patients in several hospitals in Babylon province, Iraq, urine samples (152) were gathered with an age range of 1 to 80 years. In 67% of the samples—99/152—the research noted increase. Of the samples, 78% showed gram-negative bacteria; Gram-positive bacteria were recorded in 22%. Among women, the UTI prevalence was 73%; among men, it was 27%. The most prevalent uropathogenic bacteria were Escherichia coli ( 46%, 46/99), followed by, Staphylococcus aureus ( 25%, 25/99), Enterobacter cloacae ( 9, 9/99), Proteus mirabilis ( 6%, 6/99), Klebsiella pneumoniae (6%, 6/99) , Streptococcus (3%, 3/99) , Acinetobacter ( 2%, 2/99) Pseudomonas aeruginosa ( 1%, 1/99) , and serratia marcescence (1%, 1/99). Pseudomonas aeruginosa , serratia marcescence, Proteus mirabilis, Streptococcus and Acinetobacter as being sensitive to imipenem (100%) and Escherichia coli (93%), sensitive to cefepime(100%) serratia marcescence and Acinetobacter, sensitive to meropenem (100%) serratia marcescence and Streptococcus, sensitive to Amikacin (100%) Acinetobacter and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, sensitive to gentamicin(100%) serratia marcescence, Acinetobacter and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. sensitive to ciprofloxacin(100%) Streptococcus. sensitive to cefotaxime(100%) serratia marcescence . sensitive to levofloxacin(100%) serratia marcescence . and resistant to ceftazidime (100%) serratia marcescence , Acinetobacter , Streptococcus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. resistant to cefepime (100%) Pseudomonas aeruginosa. resistant to meropenem (100%) Pseudomonas aeruginosa. resistant to Amikacin(100%) serratia marcescence and Streptococcus. resistant to gentamicin(100%) Streptococcus. resistant to ciprofloxacin (100%) serratia marcescence and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. resistant to Ampicillin/sulbactam (100%) serratia marcescence, Klebsiella pneumoniae Streptococcus, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa . resistant to cefotaxime(100%) Pseudomonas aeruginosa and resistant to levofloxacin (100%) Pseudomonas aeruginosa.

Monkeypox: A Comprehensive Analysis of The Virus and its Implications for Public Health

Dhafer Faeq Ibrahim — 2025-06-28

Monkeypox (MPX) is a contagious disease caused by a virus related to smallpox. First discovered in the Democratic Republic of the Congo in 1970, it has historically affected parts of West and Central Africa. However, the World Health Organization declared a global health emergency in July 2022 due to its unprecedented spread to Europe, North America, and Oceania, which has raised international concern. The disease poses a significant public health issue, partly because over 70% of the global population is no longer vaccinated against smallpox, which also provides some protection against monkeypox. Despite advancements in treatments and diagnostics, monkeypox continues to cause severe health and economic impacts, with over 85,000 cases reported by January 2023. Vaccines are currently used against monkeypox: two are smallpox vaccines repurposed for monkeypox, and the third is designed for biological threats. The first vaccine is a non-replicating smallpox vaccine suitable for people with weakened immune systems. The second, ACAM2000, is a second-generation smallpox vaccine recommended for monkeypox prevention but not for people with certain health conditions or during pregnancy. The third, LC16M8, is a modified smallpox vaccine aimed at reducing side effects while generating broad immune responses. The effectiveness of these vaccines against the current outbreak remains uncertain. There is a need for new, safer vaccines, with some experts suggesting that vaccines targeting specific immune responses might be more effective. This review seeks to provide updated information on the epidemiology, clinical features, diagnosis, management, and prevention of monkeypox.

Distribution of the SSCmec Types among Staphylococcus Aureus that Methicillin Resistant (MRSA) Isolates in Iraq

Dania Ali Azeiz Al-Saadi — 2025-06-29

One of the primary causes of nosocomial infections is "Staphylococcus aureus", particularly "methicillin-resistant" strains. This drug resistance has become an international public health concern. Due to the lack of studies, especially on the presence of genotypes in MRSA species in the Diwaniyah city in Iraq. The objective of the present investigation was to determine extent of the distribution and diversity of these patterns s.aureus bacteria that had been eliminated from various medical and environmental resources within specific hospitals and health centers in the governorate, using phenotypic and molecular methods. Total of 565 samples were collected for this purpose, including 330 clinical samples (Urine 200 samples, Sputum 70 samples, and Burns 60 samples), 235 environmental samples for the period from September to November 2020. Based on the results of culture results , traditional biochemical and microscopic examinations, the virulence of 80 S. aureus isolates was determined, while methicillin-resistant MRSA isolates were phenotypically diagnosed using the disc diffusion method of cefoxetine and molecularly based on the methicillin resistance gene (mecA) and monoplex PCR technique , 72 (90%) isolates have been identified as MRSA, and by comparing the molecular and phenotypic methods, it was found that the cefoxitin disc diffusion test is highly accurate and effective in detecting MRSA strains. Staphylococcal chromosome cassette methicillin-resistance (SCCmec) for four main types (I, II, III, and V) and four subtypes (IVa, IVb, IVc, and IVd) was also carried out using (Multiplex PCR). The results showed that 7 isolates (9.72%) contain the SCCmec V subtype, 7 (9.72%) contain the SCCmec IVa subtype, 6 (8.33%) contain the SCCmec IVb subtype, and 5 isolates (6.94%) contained the subtype SCCmec IVc, while 48 isolates were not identified.

Causes and Prevalence Factors Causing Subfertility among 20-45 Years Old Women in Thi-Qar Governorate-Iraq

Izdihar Nsaif Ali — 2025-06-29

Delayed conception is one of the most common causes of medical concern. It's a global health issue that concerns thousands of people in childbearing age across the globe. Despite infertility's lack of life-threatening properties, its negative effects on the patient, his family and society are not underestimated. Subfertility can be caused by male, female or both sexes, and it may represent unexplained infertility. Unexplained infertility is the result of a thorough investigation of the partners, but no cause of infertility can be determined. To figure out the typical frequency of primary, secondary or unexplained subfertility in women of this age bracket (20-45 years), the most common causes of subfertility in women of this demographic are discussed. This investigation was intended as a crosssectional study that attempted to determine the commonality and causes of infertility in women between the ages of 20-45. One hundred and fifty women from impoverished marriages participated in the study. Data was collected from all patients who visited the gynecology practice between the end of August of 2023 and the end of November of 2024. We developed a questionnaire that inquired about the sociological, demographic, and medical attributes of infertile couples, the duration of their infertility, the type of surgery they underwent, and the medical history of their spouse and themselves. The percentage of couples with primary subfertility was less than that with secondary subfertility (65; 85). The average age of women with secondary infertility and their male partners was significantly greater than that of women with primary infertility and their male partners. About the distribution of causes of infertility among the participants, women were the majority (44.0%) of the participants, followed by a combination of men and women (28.7%). Male factors alone had a participation of 14.0% of the cases, while 13.3% had an unexplained subfertility. The causes of female subfertility in this age bracket (20-45 years) are as follows: 27% of the cases had no specific cause, the most common cause was polycystic ovary syndrome (38%), followed by disorders of ovulation (25%). Male partners of infertile partners: 57% of the incidents had typical sperm characteristics. Asthenozoospermia was the second most commonly visited condition (29%). Recent research has demonstrated that the percentage of couples with primary subfertility is less than the percentage with secondary subfertility. The most common cause of female subfertility is polycystic ovary syndrome, while the most common cause of male subfertility is decreasing the motility of sperm cell.

Integrating Artificial Intelligence into Cardiovascular Risk Prediction: A Comprehensive Review of Models, Predictors, and Limitations: A Review

Khalid N. M Al-Khero — 2025-06-29

The use of artificial intelligence (AI) in cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk prediction has revolutionized preventive cardiology by improving diagnostic precision, early intervention, and health equity. The use of various datasets, including genomic, wearable, imaging, and electronic health records, is highlighted in this paper, which summarizes recent advancements in AI-based risk prediction models for CVD. The construction, creation, and validation of AI models are covered, with a focus on new predictors and how they affect model performance. The paper also examines the differences brought about by algorithmic bias, showing how underrepresentation of particular demographic groups can worsen health inequities and reduce predictive reliability. It is recognized that AI can perform better than conventional statistical models in some situations, especially when it comes to identifying at-risk persons and directing healthcare decisions. Nonetheless, there are still issues with the model's fairness, openness, and generalizability. In conclusion, even though AI has the potential to improve cardiovascular risk assessment and individualized treatment, thorough model evaluation and bias reduction techniques are essential to guaranteeing fair, dependable, and successful clinical application.

Biomedical Signal Acquisition of Heart Rate and SpO2 Using Arduino-Based Platform

Fatima Mahdi sahib Kazem — 2025-06-30

This project presents the development of a portable system for real-time monitoring of heart rate and blood oxygen saturation (SpO₂) using Arduino technology. The device utilizes a pulse sensor and integrates a MAX30100 optical sensor to collect biometric data in a non-invasive manner. Traditional methods of monitoring vital signs—such as checking the pulse manually or using standard hospital equipment—are often limited by accessibility, cost, or complexity. In contrast, this Arduino-based system provides a low-cost and user-friendly alternative that can be used in various environments including homes, schools, and clinics. The system measures heartbeat and SpO₂ levels using photoplethysmography (PPG) and displays the results on an LCD screen. This study explores the design, hardware implementation, and operational testing of the system, demonstrating its potential as an effective solution for continuous vital sign monitoring.

Functions of Some Sirtuins and Their effect on Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in Iraqi Patients

Rasha Jaber Shamkhi — 2025-06-29

This paper intended to estimate the interrelationship among the SIRT1 gene expression and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) in a sample of individuals from Wasit City, Iraq in collaboration with AL-Karama Teaching Hospital. A total of 60 participants (40 diabetic patients and 20 healthy controls), aged between 40 and 70 years, were enrolled. Blood samples were analyzed using RT-PCR to assess gene expression and ELISA to measure protein concentration in serum .SIRT1 gene expression was significantly upregulated in diabetic patients, as indicated by a lower ΔCt value, with strong statistical significance (P = 0.001). No significant difference in SIRT1 protein levels in the serum among the diabetic and controlling groups (P = 0.85). No significant gender-based differences were noticed in SIRT1 protein concentrations . The findings suggest a notable increase in SIRT1 gene expression in individuals with T2DM, potentially indicating a regulatory role of this gene in the disease. However, the lack of corresponding changes in protein levels warrants further studies to clarify the underlying mechanisms.

Prostate Cancer Diagnosis Accuracy of Bi-Parametric MRI Versus Histological Outcome of Needle Biopsy

Dr. Ibrahim Mudhafar Saadoon — 2025-06-30

Aim: To assess the association between DW MRI images of the prostate and the pathological features of the Tru-Cut (core) biopsy of the prostate's lesions. Methods: A total of 55 patients were involved in this investigation. The patients had a mean age of 62.5 years, with PSA levels that were greater than 4 ng/ml, and both DRE and transabdominal pelvic ultrasound exhibited increased prostate size, DRE demonstrated a suspicious, palpable mass, and ultrasound exhibited a hyperactive, enlarged prostate. All patients had a DW MRI of the prostate followed by 12 needle biopsies that were conducted under transrectal ultrasound guidance. Only biopsy samples that were visible on MRI (87 cases) were considered for this study, these cases were divided into prostate cancer, BPH, NSI, and CIG. Multiple lesions from the same patient were also studied. Results: There was a significant difference in the apparent diffusion coefficient of DW-MRI (ADC) between cancerous and non-cancerous lesions in the prostate (BPH, NSI, CIG) (P < 0.001).Conclusion: DW-MRI is a reliable tool to determine the presence of cancerous lesions of prostate before commencing with prostate biopsies.

Theoretical Investigation of Vibrational Frequencies and Electronic Structure Properties of Tetrathiafulvalene (TTF) Using Density Functional Theory (DFT) with DMol³ Quantum Software

Aya Adnan Ibrahim — 2025-07-03

This study aims to conduct a comprehensive theoretical analysis of the structural, electronic and vibrational properties of the organic compound tetrathiafulvalene (TTF), based on Density Functional Theory (DFT) and employing the Dmol³ quantum computational program. Three different exchange–correlation functionals—LDA-PWC, GGA-PBE, and the hybrid B3LYP—were utilized to compare their performance in describing the molecular characteristics of TTF. Geometry optimization revealed noticeable variations in bond lengths and angles depending on the chosen functional, with B3LYP demonstrating the closest agreement with reference experimental data. The analysis of the frontier molecular orbitals (HOMO and LUMO) showed significant differences in the energy gap, where B3LYP again proved to be more accurate in predicting electronic stability and chemical reactivity. Global chemical reactivity descriptors—such as ionization potential, electron affinity, chemical hardness and softness, electronegativity, and electrophilicity index—were also calculated, and the results using B3LYP showed strong consistency with previously reported theoretical values. Furthermore, the vibrational spectrum of TTF was computationally examined and categorized into three regions: a low-frequency region (0–1000 cm⁻¹) corresponding to sulfur atom bending and C–S bond modes; a mid-frequency region (1000–1600 cm⁻¹) involving C=C stretching and C–H bending vibrations; and a high-frequency region (1600–3200 cm⁻¹) associated with high-energy C–H stretching. Slight differences in peak positions and intensities were observed among the functionals, attributed to variations in the treatment of electron exchange and correlation. Overall, the study underscores the importance of functional selection in theoretical modeling and offers valuable insights into the behavior of the TTF molecule, reinforcing its potential for applications in organic electronics and advanced materials.

Effectiveness of an Educational Program for Nurses about Nursing Management for Unconscious patients at Azadi Teaching Hospital

Ahmad Yassin Ezzadin — 2025-07-05

Unconscious patients are a major challenge in healthcare, requiring special expertise and competencies from nursing staff. Effective management is essential to ensuring the safety and recovery of these individuals. This study aims to evaluate the effectiveness of an educational program aimed at improving nurses' management of unconscious patients. The program aims to enhance nurses' competence in key areas, including personal hygiene, monitoring vital signs, and preventing complications. To evaluate the effectiveness of nursing education program on nurses’ knowledge concerning in nursing management for unconscious patients at Azadi teaching hospital A quasi-experimental design with pre- and post-intervention assessments was carried out between 28th December 2024 and 25th May 2025. A Multistage, Probability “purposive sample” sampling technique was utilized to collect data from (1st February to 1st April) nurses from (60) nurses in respiratory care unit and intensive care unit at Azadi Teaching Hospital., it is consisting of seven parts, data were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics by using SPSS version 0.26. The study sample was predominantly female, constituting 42% (70.0%) of the total sample. Regarding age, most nurses were under 30 years old, constituting 51% (85.0%), with a mean of 26.13 years and a standard deviation of 3.08 years. Nearly two-thirds of them were single, constituting 38% (63.3%). Finally, nearly all of them held a bachelor's degree, constituting 59% (98.3%). Most of them had been employed in positions with less than 5 years of experience, constituting 53% (88.3%). Nearly two-thirds of them had no training in nursing management of unconscious patients in the ICU or intensive care unit, constituting 38% (63.3%). Most of them had only attended one-time courses, constituting 20% (90.91%). Most of them worked in the intensive care unit, representing 54% (90.0%), and finally, three-quarters of them worked the night shift, representing 45% (75.0%). All values for the nurses studied had a restricted distribution, as significant differences were calculated at P<0.01 between observers, and there is an expected frequency distribution, including training courses, that simply did not achieve the significant level. Accordingly, it can be said that, with regard to this study, the distribution of nurses is restricted to the large numbers of nursing staff in the first years of work in clinical units. The study found Most nurses were young (85%), female (70%), and had a bachelor's degree (98%). Limited training (63%) and experience (88.3%) raised concerns. The program significantly improved knowledge, with post-training scores reaching 100% in key areas, proving its effectiveness in critical care. Provide specialized training courses for critical care nurses to enhance their expertise in caring for comatose patients. New nurses in intensive care units should be trained in coma and nursing care.

Optimization of Treatment For Sensorineural Hearing Loss of Infectious Origin

Kh.E Karabaev — 2025-07-06

The aim of this work was to optimize treatment methods for sensorineural hearing loss of infectious genesis. The object of the study was 115 children in the age category from 1 year to 7 years with SNHL in association with toxoplasmosis and CMV infection, who were included in the main group and in the comparative group of 30 children diagnosed with SNHL without toxoplasmosis and CMV infection. The main group received antiviral therapy, and the comparison group received traditional therapy. Both study groups underwent whispered and spoken speech perception tests. Hearing Improvement Based on Speech Perception Tests. Whispered speech perception test (up to 3 meters): Before treatment, 6 children (5.2%) in the main group were diagnosed with Grade I SNHL. Spoken speech perception test (up to 6 meters): Before treatment, 7 children (6.1%) in the main group were diagnosed with SNHL. To achieve the set goals, the authors also conducted ABR after treatment in the study groups. Thus, strong correlation relationships were revealed between specific antibodies of pathogens, cytokine status, and inflammatory proteins.

Evaluation of Thyroid Hormone Levels in Women after Total Thyroidectomy for Thyroid Cancer

Kareema A. Dakhil — 2025-07-07

Thyroid cancer often necessitates total thyroidectomy, a procedure that significantly alters thyroid hormone levels and can lead to hypothyroidism if not properly managed.This study aimed to evaluate thyroid hormone levels in patients who have undergone total thyroidectomy for thyroid cancer, compared to healthy individuals, to understand the physiological effects of the surgery. A total of 100 participants aged 25 to 45 from Dhi Qar Province were enrolled and evenly divided into two groups: patients who had undergone total thyroidectomy (Group A) and healthy controls. After a 12-hour fast, blood samples were collected, and serum levels of T3, T4, and TSH were measured using ELISA kits. Statistical analysis was performed using ANOVA and the LSD test, with significance set at P < 0.05. Group A showed significantly lower levels of T3 (0.47 ± 0.10 ng/ml) and T4 (88.11 ± 8.73 nmol/l) compared to the control group (T3: 1.23 ± 0.27 ng/ml; T4: 115.69 ± 15.75 nmol/l). Conversely, TSH levels were markedly higher in Group A (8.27 ± 1.03 µIU/ml) than in the control group, indicating postoperative hypothyroidism. These differences were statistically significant (P < 0.05).

Prevalence of Helicobacter Pylori Infection Among Iraqi Patients: A Cross-Sectional Study

Sahar Kareem Raheem — 2025-07-09

Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection is a significant cause of gastritis, peptic ulcers, and gastric cancer. Despite the very effective treatment regimens currently used, patients frequently develop many post-treatment complications that adversely affect their quality of life. The purpose of this study is to determine the prevalence and pattern of post-treatment complications following H pylori eradication therapy and their impact on patient outcomes. A group of 83 H. pylori infection patients were subjected to routine quadruple therapy for eradication at Baghdad – Iraq hospitals within (March 2024 – March 2025), where the patients were observed for 12 weeks by questionnaires on gastrointestinal symptoms, quality of life and any side effects after treatment, where these data were processed with statistical computer software to establish the frequency and nature of complications encountered. Among the patients, 35% presented gastrointestinal symptoms such as nausea, diarrhea, and abdominal pain after treatment, where 20% of them presented anxiety caused by chronic dyspepsia, which H. pylori reoccurrence occurred in 10% of the cases when followed up, as well as the study revealed that antibiotic resistance was highly associated with symptom persistence, reflecting an interaction of a complicated nature between treatment efficacy and post-treatment complications. Post-treatment complications after H. pylori eradication treatment are frequent and can severely affect the quality of life in patients, where ongoing monitoring and supportive management are needed for these complications.

Development of a New Visible-Light-Active K₂Fe₄O₇ Photocatalyst for Effective Removal of Methylene Blue from Polluted Water

Ahmed Thaer — 2025-07-15

In this study, a novel photocatalyst, (K₂Fe₄O₇), was successfully synthesized via hydrothermal treatment. The synthesized compound was employed for the degradation and removal of methylene blue (MB) dye pollutants under xenon light irradiation. The structural, morphological, and optical properties of the photocatalyst were investigated using X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy (UV-Vis), The UV-Vis results revealed a significant photocatalytic degradation of methylene blue under xenon light, achieving a removal efficiency of 85% within 152 minutes. The enhanced photocatalytic activity was attributed to the synergistic interaction between different semiconducting phases, which facilitated improved charge separation and transfer. Moreover, the observed blue shift in the visible absorption spectrum further confirmed the compound’s enhanced capability in visible-light-driven photocatalysis. These findings suggest that K₂Fe₄O₇ is a promising visible-light-active photocatalyst for real-world wastewater treatment applications.

Autism: Fact or Fiction? Understanding The Spectrum

Raghad Othman Ahmed — 2025-07-17

Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is a condition of the brain that manifests as problems with how a person relates to others, speaks and behaves. This document reviews the latest progress in ASD research, how it is diagnosed, how it is treated and how much people know about it. Because of the growing number of ASD diagnoses worldwide, more people are interested in them, leading researchers to examine genetic, environmental and diagnostic causes. Experiments with artificial intelligence and other latest technologies are changing the way doctors diagnose patients. Because of AI, image recognition and behavior observation devices open up more ways to diagnose diseases quickly and effectively. They are demonstrating potential to provide more screening for those who lack access and assist decision-making by doctors. At the same time, recent studies in these areas have shown how people with ASD have differences in their brains, leading to better targeted and effective treatments. The assessment also covers the ways in which media influences the opinion of the public about autism. While showing autism in the media understands the condition, it can still lead to false ideas. Because of past biases and inaccurate information, many people still view autism in flawed ways. Thus, supporting people with ASD needs a collaborative, inclusive style. Accepting neurological differences, making sure technology helps and spreading correct knowledge can make life better for autistic people and those around them. Developing new approaches for caring for people with autism requires science, sensitivity, understanding and social duty.

A Comparative Study to Evaluate The Results of Skin Pigmentation Resulting From Thigh Friction (Meta-Analysis)

Dr. Rusul Sahib Hussien Mohammed — 2025-07-17

Frictional melanosis of the inner thighs is an under-recognized pigmentary disorder predominantly affecting females, characterized by hyperpigmentation resulting from repeated mechanical friction ,Despite its frequent clinical occurrence, it remains poorly documented in the literature, with unclear pathogenesis and limited consensus on management where this study aims to comparatively evaluate the clinical features, severity, and contributing factors of skin pigmentation caused by thigh friction, integrating clinical, anthropometric, and histopathological data to better understand its ethology and implications as well as our study Methods refer to meta-analysis for patients presenting with frictional melanosis of the inner thighs where Clinical examination, were performed, Body mass index (BMI) was recorded to assess the relationship between obesity and pigmentation severity threfore Data on friction exposure and associated skin conditions were collected through structured interviews, where in our study The table provides the comparative results reported in the studies, including pigmentation effects and practical implications across these studies. It summarizes the findings and further translates these findings into clinical or preventative recommendations focusing on the relationship between friction, obesity, and the degree of pigmentation so we concloude Frictional melanosis of the inner thighs is a distinct clinical entity strongly associated with mechanical friction and obesity in addition to Early recognition and preventive strategies focusing on weight management and friction reduction are essential and Further research is warranted to establish standardized diagnostic criteria and effective treatment modalities.