Central Asian Journal of Medical and Natural Science

Antibiotic Profile for Bacteria Isolated from Urinary Tract Infection in Babylon Province

2025-06-27T02:36:37+00:00

The purpose of this work was to ascertain the antibiotic profile of bacteria extracted from patient urinary tract infections (UTIs) from community urine samples. Commonly including bacterial and, occasionally, fungal or viral infections, urinary tract infections (UTIs) are healthcare concerns. Antibiotic resistance has grown out of the illogical prescribing and usage of antibiotics in UTI therapy. From male and female patients in several hospitals in Babylon province, Iraq, urine samples (152) were gathered with an age range of 1 to 80 years. In 67% of the samples—99/152—the research noted increase. Of the samples, 78% showed gram-negative bacteria; Gram-positive bacteria were recorded in 22%. Among women, the UTI prevalence was 73%; among men, it was 27%. The most prevalent uropathogenic bacteria were Escherichia coli ( 46%, 46/99), followed by, Staphylococcus aureus ( 25%, 25/99), Enterobacter cloacae ( 9, 9/99), Proteus mirabilis ( 6%, 6/99), Klebsiella pneumoniae (6%, 6/99) , Streptococcus (3%, 3/99) , Acinetobacter ( 2%, 2/99) Pseudomonas aeruginosa ( 1%, 1/99) , and serratia marcescence (1%, 1/99). Pseudomonas aeruginosa , serratia marcescence, Proteus mirabilis, Streptococcus and Acinetobacter as being sensitive to imipenem (100%) and Escherichia coli (93%), sensitive to cefepime(100%) serratia marcescence and Acinetobacter, sensitive to meropenem (100%) serratia marcescence and Streptococcus, sensitive to Amikacin (100%) Acinetobacter and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, sensitive to gentamicin(100%) serratia marcescence, Acinetobacter and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. sensitive to ciprofloxacin(100%) Streptococcus. sensitive to cefotaxime(100%) serratia marcescence . sensitive to levofloxacin(100%) serratia marcescence . and resistant to ceftazidime (100%) serratia marcescence , Acinetobacter , Streptococcus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. resistant to cefepime (100%) Pseudomonas aeruginosa. resistant to meropenem (100%) Pseudomonas aeruginosa. resistant to Amikacin(100%) serratia marcescence and Streptococcus. resistant to gentamicin(100%) Streptococcus. resistant to ciprofloxacin (100%) serratia marcescence and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. resistant to Ampicillin/sulbactam (100%) serratia marcescence, Klebsiella pneumoniae Streptococcus, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa . resistant to cefotaxime(100%) Pseudomonas aeruginosa and resistant to levofloxacin (100%) Pseudomonas aeruginosa.

Monkeypox: A Comprehensive Analysis of The Virus and its Implications for Public Health

2025-06-28T07:36:56+00:00

Monkeypox (MPX) is a contagious disease caused by a virus related to smallpox. First discovered in the Democratic Republic of the Congo in 1970, it has historically affected parts of West and Central Africa. However, the World Health Organization declared a global health emergency in July 2022 due to its unprecedented spread to Europe, North America, and Oceania, which has raised international concern. The disease poses a significant public health issue, partly because over 70% of the global population is no longer vaccinated against smallpox, which also provides some protection against monkeypox. Despite advancements in treatments and diagnostics, monkeypox continues to cause severe health and economic impacts, with over 85,000 cases reported by January 2023. Vaccines are currently used against monkeypox: two are smallpox vaccines repurposed for monkeypox, and the third is designed for biological threats. The first vaccine is a non-replicating smallpox vaccine suitable for people with weakened immune systems. The second, ACAM2000, is a second-generation smallpox vaccine recommended for monkeypox prevention but not for people with certain health conditions or during pregnancy. The third, LC16M8, is a modified smallpox vaccine aimed at reducing side effects while generating broad immune responses. The effectiveness of these vaccines against the current outbreak remains uncertain. There is a need for new, safer vaccines, with some experts suggesting that vaccines targeting specific immune responses might be more effective. This review seeks to provide updated information on the epidemiology, clinical features, diagnosis, management, and prevention of monkeypox.

Distribution of the SSCmec Types among Staphylococcus Aureus that Methicillin Resistant (MRSA) Isolates in Iraq

2025-06-29T14:43:52+00:00

One of the primary causes of nosocomial infections is "Staphylococcus aureus", particularly "methicillin-resistant" strains. This drug resistance has become an international public health concern. Due to the lack of studies, especially on the presence of genotypes in MRSA species in the Diwaniyah city in Iraq. The objective of the present investigation was to determine extent of the distribution and diversity of these patterns s.aureus bacteria that had been eliminated from various medical and environmental resources within specific hospitals and health centers in the governorate, using phenotypic and molecular methods. Total of 565 samples were collected for this purpose, including 330 clinical samples (Urine 200 samples, Sputum 70 samples, and Burns 60 samples), 235 environmental samples for the period from September to November 2020. Based on the results of culture results , traditional biochemical and microscopic examinations, the virulence of 80 S. aureus isolates was determined, while methicillin-resistant MRSA isolates were phenotypically diagnosed using the disc diffusion method of cefoxetine and molecularly based on the methicillin resistance gene (mecA) and monoplex PCR technique , 72 (90%) isolates have been identified as MRSA, and by comparing the molecular and phenotypic methods, it was found that the cefoxitin disc diffusion test is highly accurate and effective in detecting MRSA strains. Staphylococcal chromosome cassette methicillin-resistance (SCCmec) for four main types (I, II, III, and V) and four subtypes (IVa, IVb, IVc, and IVd) was also carried out using (Multiplex PCR). The results showed that 7 isolates (9.72%) contain the SCCmec V subtype, 7 (9.72%) contain the SCCmec IVa subtype, 6 (8.33%) contain the SCCmec IVb subtype, and 5 isolates (6.94%) contained the subtype SCCmec IVc, while 48 isolates were not identified.

Causes and Prevalence Factors Causing Subfertility among 20-45 Years Old Women in Thi-Qar Governorate-Iraq

2025-06-29T14:56:41+00:00

Delayed conception is one of the most common causes of medical concern. It's a global health issue that concerns thousands of people in childbearing age across the globe. Despite infertility's lack of life-threatening properties, its negative effects on the patient, his family and society are not underestimated. Subfertility can be caused by male, female or both sexes, and it may represent unexplained infertility. Unexplained infertility is the result of a thorough investigation of the partners, but no cause of infertility can be determined. To figure out the typical frequency of primary, secondary or unexplained subfertility in women of this age bracket (20-45 years), the most common causes of subfertility in women of this demographic are discussed. This investigation was intended as a crosssectional study that attempted to determine the commonality and causes of infertility in women between the ages of 20-45. One hundred and fifty women from impoverished marriages participated in the study. Data was collected from all patients who visited the gynecology practice between the end of August of 2023 and the end of November of 2024. We developed a questionnaire that inquired about the sociological, demographic, and medical attributes of infertile couples, the duration of their infertility, the type of surgery they underwent, and the medical history of their spouse and themselves. The percentage of couples with primary subfertility was less than that with secondary subfertility (65; 85). The average age of women with secondary infertility and their male partners was significantly greater than that of women with primary infertility and their male partners. About the distribution of causes of infertility among the participants, women were the majority (44.0%) of the participants, followed by a combination of men and women (28.7%). Male factors alone had a participation of 14.0% of the cases, while 13.3% had an unexplained subfertility. The causes of female subfertility in this age bracket (20-45 years) are as follows: 27% of the cases had no specific cause, the most common cause was polycystic ovary syndrome (38%), followed by disorders of ovulation (25%). Male partners of infertile partners: 57% of the incidents had typical sperm characteristics. Asthenozoospermia was the second most commonly visited condition (29%). Recent research has demonstrated that the percentage of couples with primary subfertility is less than the percentage with secondary subfertility. The most common cause of female subfertility is polycystic ovary syndrome, while the most common cause of male subfertility is decreasing the motility of sperm cell.

Integrating Artificial Intelligence into Cardiovascular Risk Prediction: A Comprehensive Review of Models, Predictors, and Limitations: A Review

2025-06-29T16:18:09+00:00

The use of artificial intelligence (AI) in cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk prediction has revolutionized preventive cardiology by improving diagnostic precision, early intervention, and health equity. The use of various datasets, including genomic, wearable, imaging, and electronic health records, is highlighted in this paper, which summarizes recent advancements in AI-based risk prediction models for CVD. The construction, creation, and validation of AI models are covered, with a focus on new predictors and how they affect model performance. The paper also examines the differences brought about by algorithmic bias, showing how underrepresentation of particular demographic groups can worsen health inequities and reduce predictive reliability. It is recognized that AI can perform better than conventional statistical models in some situations, especially when it comes to identifying at-risk persons and directing healthcare decisions. Nonetheless, there are still issues with the model's fairness, openness, and generalizability. In conclusion, even though AI has the potential to improve cardiovascular risk assessment and individualized treatment, thorough model evaluation and bias reduction techniques are essential to guaranteeing fair, dependable, and successful clinical application.

Biomedical Signal Acquisition of Heart Rate and SpO2 Using Arduino-Based Platform

2025-06-30T13:28:32+00:00

This project presents the development of a portable system for real-time monitoring of heart rate and blood oxygen saturation (SpO₂) using Arduino technology. The device utilizes a pulse sensor and integrates a MAX30100 optical sensor to collect biometric data in a non-invasive manner. Traditional methods of monitoring vital signs—such as checking the pulse manually or using standard hospital equipment—are often limited by accessibility, cost, or complexity. In contrast, this Arduino-based system provides a low-cost and user-friendly alternative that can be used in various environments including homes, schools, and clinics. The system measures heartbeat and SpO₂ levels using photoplethysmography (PPG) and displays the results on an LCD screen. This study explores the design, hardware implementation, and operational testing of the system, demonstrating its potential as an effective solution for continuous vital sign monitoring.

Functions of Some Sirtuins and Their effect on Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in Iraqi Patients

2025-06-30T15:55:57+00:00

This paper intended to estimate the interrelationship among the SIRT1 gene expression and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) in a sample of individuals from Wasit City, Iraq in collaboration with AL-Karama Teaching Hospital. A total of 60 participants (40 diabetic patients and 20 healthy controls), aged between 40 and 70 years, were enrolled. Blood samples were analyzed using RT-PCR to assess gene expression and ELISA to measure protein concentration in serum .SIRT1 gene expression was significantly upregulated in diabetic patients, as indicated by a lower ΔCt value, with strong statistical significance (P = 0.001). No significant difference in SIRT1 protein levels in the serum among the diabetic and controlling groups (P = 0.85). No significant gender-based differences were noticed in SIRT1 protein concentrations . The findings suggest a notable increase in SIRT1 gene expression in individuals with T2DM, potentially indicating a regulatory role of this gene in the disease. However, the lack of corresponding changes in protein levels warrants further studies to clarify the underlying mechanisms.

Prostate Cancer Diagnosis Accuracy of Bi-Parametric MRI Versus Histological Outcome of Needle Biopsy

2025-06-30T23:07:10+00:00

Aim: To assess the association between DW MRI images of the prostate and the pathological features of the Tru-Cut (core) biopsy of the prostate's lesions. Methods: A total of 55 patients were involved in this investigation. The patients had a mean age of 62.5 years, with PSA levels that were greater than 4 ng/ml, and both DRE and transabdominal pelvic ultrasound exhibited increased prostate size, DRE demonstrated a suspicious, palpable mass, and ultrasound exhibited a hyperactive, enlarged prostate. All patients had a DW MRI of the prostate followed by 12 needle biopsies that were conducted under transrectal ultrasound guidance. Only biopsy samples that were visible on MRI (87 cases) were considered for this study, these cases were divided into prostate cancer, BPH, NSI, and CIG. Multiple lesions from the same patient were also studied. Results: There was a significant difference in the apparent diffusion coefficient of DW-MRI (ADC) between cancerous and non-cancerous lesions in the prostate (BPH, NSI, CIG) (P < 0.001).Conclusion: DW-MRI is a reliable tool to determine the presence of cancerous lesions of prostate before commencing with prostate biopsies.

Theoretical Investigation of Vibrational Frequencies and Electronic Structure Properties of Tetrathiafulvalene (TTF) Using Density Functional Theory (DFT) with DMol³ Quantum Software

2025-07-03T23:44:51+00:00

This study aims to conduct a comprehensive theoretical analysis of the structural, electronic and vibrational properties of the organic compound tetrathiafulvalene (TTF), based on Density Functional Theory (DFT) and employing the Dmol³ quantum computational program. Three different exchange–correlation functionals—LDA-PWC, GGA-PBE, and the hybrid B3LYP—were utilized to compare their performance in describing the molecular characteristics of TTF. Geometry optimization revealed noticeable variations in bond lengths and angles depending on the chosen functional, with B3LYP demonstrating the closest agreement with reference experimental data. The analysis of the frontier molecular orbitals (HOMO and LUMO) showed significant differences in the energy gap, where B3LYP again proved to be more accurate in predicting electronic stability and chemical reactivity. Global chemical reactivity descriptors—such as ionization potential, electron affinity, chemical hardness and softness, electronegativity, and electrophilicity index—were also calculated, and the results using B3LYP showed strong consistency with previously reported theoretical values. Furthermore, the vibrational spectrum of TTF was computationally examined and categorized into three regions: a low-frequency region (0–1000 cm⁻¹) corresponding to sulfur atom bending and C–S bond modes; a mid-frequency region (1000–1600 cm⁻¹) involving C=C stretching and C–H bending vibrations; and a high-frequency region (1600–3200 cm⁻¹) associated with high-energy C–H stretching. Slight differences in peak positions and intensities were observed among the functionals, attributed to variations in the treatment of electron exchange and correlation. Overall, the study underscores the importance of functional selection in theoretical modeling and offers valuable insights into the behavior of the TTF molecule, reinforcing its potential for applications in organic electronics and advanced materials.

Effectiveness of an Educational Program for Nurses about Nursing Management for Unconscious patients at Azadi Teaching Hospital

2025-07-05T16:01:58+00:00

Unconscious patients are a major challenge in healthcare, requiring special expertise and competencies from nursing staff. Effective management is essential to ensuring the safety and recovery of these individuals. This study aims to evaluate the effectiveness of an educational program aimed at improving nurses' management of unconscious patients. The program aims to enhance nurses' competence in key areas, including personal hygiene, monitoring vital signs, and preventing complications. To evaluate the effectiveness of nursing education program on nurses’ knowledge concerning in nursing management for unconscious patients at Azadi teaching hospital A quasi-experimental design with pre- and post-intervention assessments was carried out between 28th December 2024 and 25th May 2025. A Multistage, Probability “purposive sample” sampling technique was utilized to collect data from (1st February to 1st April) nurses from (60) nurses in respiratory care unit and intensive care unit at Azadi Teaching Hospital., it is consisting of seven parts, data were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics by using SPSS version 0.26. The study sample was predominantly female, constituting 42% (70.0%) of the total sample. Regarding age, most nurses were under 30 years old, constituting 51% (85.0%), with a mean of 26.13 years and a standard deviation of 3.08 years. Nearly two-thirds of them were single, constituting 38% (63.3%). Finally, nearly all of them held a bachelor's degree, constituting 59% (98.3%). Most of them had been employed in positions with less than 5 years of experience, constituting 53% (88.3%). Nearly two-thirds of them had no training in nursing management of unconscious patients in the ICU or intensive care unit, constituting 38% (63.3%). Most of them had only attended one-time courses, constituting 20% (90.91%). Most of them worked in the intensive care unit, representing 54% (90.0%), and finally, three-quarters of them worked the night shift, representing 45% (75.0%). All values for the nurses studied had a restricted distribution, as significant differences were calculated at P<0.01 between observers, and there is an expected frequency distribution, including training courses, that simply did not achieve the significant level. Accordingly, it can be said that, with regard to this study, the distribution of nurses is restricted to the large numbers of nursing staff in the first years of work in clinical units. The study found Most nurses were young (85%), female (70%), and had a bachelor's degree (98%). Limited training (63%) and experience (88.3%) raised concerns. The program significantly improved knowledge, with post-training scores reaching 100% in key areas, proving its effectiveness in critical care. Provide specialized training courses for critical care nurses to enhance their expertise in caring for comatose patients. New nurses in intensive care units should be trained in coma and nursing care.

Optimization of Treatment For Sensorineural Hearing Loss of Infectious Origin

2025-07-06T06:24:53+00:00

The aim of this work was to optimize treatment methods for sensorineural hearing loss of infectious genesis. The object of the study was 115 children in the age category from 1 year to 7 years with SNHL in association with toxoplasmosis and CMV infection, who were included in the main group and in the comparative group of 30 children diagnosed with SNHL without toxoplasmosis and CMV infection. The main group received antiviral therapy, and the comparison group received traditional therapy. Both study groups underwent whispered and spoken speech perception tests. Hearing Improvement Based on Speech Perception Tests. Whispered speech perception test (up to 3 meters): Before treatment, 6 children (5.2%) in the main group were diagnosed with Grade I SNHL. Spoken speech perception test (up to 6 meters): Before treatment, 7 children (6.1%) in the main group were diagnosed with SNHL. To achieve the set goals, the authors also conducted ABR after treatment in the study groups. Thus, strong correlation relationships were revealed between specific antibodies of pathogens, cytokine status, and inflammatory proteins.

Evaluation of Thyroid Hormone Levels in Women after Total Thyroidectomy for Thyroid Cancer

2025-07-17T14:59:03+00:00

Thyroid cancer often necessitates total thyroidectomy, a procedure that significantly alters thyroid hormone levels and can lead to hypothyroidism if not properly managed.This study aimed to evaluate thyroid hormone levels in patients who have undergone total thyroidectomy for thyroid cancer, compared to healthy individuals, to understand the physiological effects of the surgery. A total of 100 participants aged 25 to 45 from Dhi Qar Province were enrolled and evenly divided into two groups: patients who had undergone total thyroidectomy (Group A) and healthy controls. After a 12-hour fast, blood samples were collected, and serum levels of T3, T4, and TSH were measured using ELISA kits. Statistical analysis was performed using ANOVA and the LSD test, with significance set at P < 0.05. Group A showed significantly lower levels of T3 (0.47 ± 0.10 ng/ml) and T4 (88.11 ± 8.73 nmol/l) compared to the control group (T3: 1.23 ± 0.27 ng/ml; T4: 115.69 ± 15.75 nmol/l). Conversely, TSH levels were markedly higher in Group A (8.27 ± 1.03 µIU/ml) than in the control group, indicating postoperative hypothyroidism. These differences were statistically significant (P < 0.05).

Prevalence of Helicobacter Pylori Infection Among Iraqi Patients: A Cross-Sectional Study

2025-07-09T21:12:45+00:00

Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection is a significant cause of gastritis, peptic ulcers, and gastric cancer. Despite the very effective treatment regimens currently used, patients frequently develop many post-treatment complications that adversely affect their quality of life. The purpose of this study is to determine the prevalence and pattern of post-treatment complications following H pylori eradication therapy and their impact on patient outcomes. A group of 83 H. pylori infection patients were subjected to routine quadruple therapy for eradication at Baghdad – Iraq hospitals within (March 2024 – March 2025), where the patients were observed for 12 weeks by questionnaires on gastrointestinal symptoms, quality of life and any side effects after treatment, where these data were processed with statistical computer software to establish the frequency and nature of complications encountered. Among the patients, 35% presented gastrointestinal symptoms such as nausea, diarrhea, and abdominal pain after treatment, where 20% of them presented anxiety caused by chronic dyspepsia, which H. pylori reoccurrence occurred in 10% of the cases when followed up, as well as the study revealed that antibiotic resistance was highly associated with symptom persistence, reflecting an interaction of a complicated nature between treatment efficacy and post-treatment complications. Post-treatment complications after H. pylori eradication treatment are frequent and can severely affect the quality of life in patients, where ongoing monitoring and supportive management are needed for these complications.

Autism: Fact or Fiction? Understanding The Spectrum

2025-07-17T05:53:26+00:00

Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is a condition of the brain that manifests as problems with how a person relates to others, speaks and behaves. This document reviews the latest progress in ASD research, how it is diagnosed, how it is treated and how much people know about it. Because of the growing number of ASD diagnoses worldwide, more people are interested in them, leading researchers to examine genetic, environmental and diagnostic causes. Experiments with artificial intelligence and other latest technologies are changing the way doctors diagnose patients. Because of AI, image recognition and behavior observation devices open up more ways to diagnose diseases quickly and effectively. They are demonstrating potential to provide more screening for those who lack access and assist decision-making by doctors. At the same time, recent studies in these areas have shown how people with ASD have differences in their brains, leading to better targeted and effective treatments. The assessment also covers the ways in which media influences the opinion of the public about autism. While showing autism in the media understands the condition, it can still lead to false ideas. Because of past biases and inaccurate information, many people still view autism in flawed ways. Thus, supporting people with ASD needs a collaborative, inclusive style. Accepting neurological differences, making sure technology helps and spreading correct knowledge can make life better for autistic people and those around them. Developing new approaches for caring for people with autism requires science, sensitivity, understanding and social duty.

A Comparative Study to Evaluate The Results of Skin Pigmentation Resulting From Thigh Friction (Meta-Analysis)

2025-07-17T11:34:00+00:00

Frictional melanosis of the inner thighs is an under-recognized pigmentary disorder predominantly affecting females, characterized by hyperpigmentation resulting from repeated mechanical friction ,Despite its frequent clinical occurrence, it remains poorly documented in the literature, with unclear pathogenesis and limited consensus on management where this study aims to comparatively evaluate the clinical features, severity, and contributing factors of skin pigmentation caused by thigh friction, integrating clinical, anthropometric, and histopathological data to better understand its ethology and implications as well as our study Methods refer to meta-analysis for patients presenting with frictional melanosis of the inner thighs where Clinical examination, were performed, Body mass index (BMI) was recorded to assess the relationship between obesity and pigmentation severity threfore Data on friction exposure and associated skin conditions were collected through structured interviews, where in our study The table provides the comparative results reported in the studies, including pigmentation effects and practical implications across these studies. It summarizes the findings and further translates these findings into clinical or preventative recommendations focusing on the relationship between friction, obesity, and the degree of pigmentation so we concloude Frictional melanosis of the inner thighs is a distinct clinical entity strongly associated with mechanical friction and obesity in addition to Early recognition and preventive strategies focusing on weight management and friction reduction are essential and Further research is warranted to establish standardized diagnostic criteria and effective treatment modalities.

Bacterial Toxins and their Involvement in Generating Nanoparticles by Gram-positive bacteria

2025-07-21T11:22:38+00:00

The emerging antimicrobial resistant pathogenic bacterial has led to the need to look into other therapeutic interventions like the use of nanomaterial which possess antimicrobial properties. This review is aimed at analysing the connection between bacterial toxins and nanoparticles generated by Gram-positive bacteria with regards to their practical use in the fight against Antimicrobial Resistance. For instance, Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus cereus are gram- positive bacteria known to have multiple toxins that are capable of influencing its surrounding around cells. Current review has exposed some facts which reveal that it is involved in production of nanoparticles which have special effect against antibiotic bacteria. In the current review, the authers presents the ways through which bacterial toxins can trigger the creation of nanoparticles, properties of the created nanoparticles, and their probable applications in the generation of new antibacterial drugs. The treatment of infections has recently been compounded by the development of multidrug-resistant bacterial strains, thus calling for the development of measures that can help cope with infections. Nanotechnology mediated anti-microbial approaches such as using nanoparticles formed from bacterial toxins present a nascent way around this problem. These cases have made researchers to develop other mechanisms of eradicating bacterial infections other than the use of antibiotics, and nanotechnology is one mechanism that has attracted a lot of attention. Although the processes of nanoparticle formation using Gram-positive bacteria are still not clear, a number of investigations indicate that bacterial toxins can be essential for that. Bacterial toxins are extremely toxic compounds which are capable of profoundly affecting cellular processes and exerting a number of pathological consequences on the host organism.

Systematic Analysis of Rosa L. Genus and Some of its Species Based on Morphological Traits and DNA Markers

2025-07-21T17:26:42+00:00

This study presents a systematic analysis of the Rosa L. genus and selected species based on morphological characteristics and DNA markers. Species such as Rosa kokanica, Rosa canina, Rosa ecae, Rosa fedtschenkoana.were examined in detail through the assessment of diagnostic morphological traits, including leaf shape, flower structure, fruit morphology, and prickles. In addition to morphological evaluation, molecular phylogenetic analysis was conducted using DNA markers, particularly the Internal Transcribed Spacer (ITS) region and chloroplast DNA (cpDNA) sequences. The results revealed genetic relationships and phylogenetic affiliations among the studied species, contributing to a clearer understanding of their systematic placement within the genus. The integration of morphological and molecular data provided deeper insights into the taxonomy of Rosa species, clarifying certain ambiguities in traditional classifications. These findings are valuable for the advancement of modern botanical systematics, conservation strategies, and the effective management of genetic resources within the Rosa genus.

A Comparative Study to Evaluate Health Outcomes Regarding The Effect of Rosacea on Eye Health in Iraqi Patients

2025-07-21T19:03:47+00:00

Rosacea is a chronic inflammatory skin condition that frequently presents with ocular symptoms, yet its impact on eye health remains underrecognized in clinical settings. The link between dermatological and ocular manifestations is often overlooked, leading to delayed diagnosis and suboptimal management. This study addresses this gap by conducting a cross-sectional observational comparison of ocular health outcomes in 160 Iraqi adults—120 with rosacea and 40 healthy controls. Standardized questionnaires (DLQI and OSDI), clinical ophthalmologic assessments, and oxidative stress biomarker analyses were employed. The findings reveal significantly higher rates of ocular comorbidities, including blepharitis (55% vs 25%, aOR = 6.50, p<0.001), dry eye syndrome, and conjunctivitis in rosacea patients. Schirmer’s test and tear break-up time results were markedly lower among rosacea patients, indicating impaired tear film. Quality of life scores were significantly worse in the rosacea group. Additionally, oxidative stress markers (TOS, OSI) were elevated, while antioxidant levels (TAS, ARE) were reduced, suggesting a possible pathophysiological mechanism. The study concludes that ocular involvement in rosacea is clinically significant, requiring interdisciplinary awareness and management. Early screening for ocular symptoms and integration of dermatological and ophthalmological care can improve patient outcomes and prevent vision-threatening complications.

Relationship Between Potassium and Body Response to Insulin in Hypoxic Environment

2025-07-23T15:41:52+00:00

In recent years, the study of the effects of insulin on potassium has become a major focus of scientific research. Given the importance of hemoglobin and the effects it causes and oxygen deficiency, it has become necessary to evaluate the effects on the body caused by these parameters (insulin, potassium, hemoglobin). The relationship remains limited and vague for many due to the lack of adequate investigation and study. Therefore aim , this research aims to study the relationship between potassium and the body's response to insulin in cases of oxygen deficiency .This study was conducted to demonstrate the relationship between potassium and the body's response to insulin in conditions of oxygen deficiency, method and to analyze the data and display its statistics based on records taken from Al-Hussein Teaching Hospital in Al-Muthanna Governorate with the legal approval of the hospital administration and the consent of the patients, as the patients' information was used for research and study purposes only. These factors (hemoglobin, potassium, and random sugar) were studied for each patient. 52 samples were taken, including women and men, and the results, showed that there is a relationship between the aforementioned factors, as it became clear that patients who had a very high blood sugar level also had high potassium levels, and it was found that hemoglobin levels were low, which means that low hemoglobin levels affect insulin sensitivity, and high potassium helps the pancreas secrete insulin. A woman was found to have high blood sugar of 329 g/dl, potassium of 5.2 and normal hemoglobin levels, which is attributed to other causes that affect women. High potassium also helps the pancreas secrete insulin. Eight people were found to have high blood sugar and abnormal hemoglobin levels, as they suffer from anemia. Most of them were men, and their potassium levels ranged between almost normal and very high, because when blood sugar rises, potassium rises to help or maintain the body in keeping sugar at its normal level. Low hemoglobin also affects insulin sensitivity. A woman was also found to have high blood sugar of 226 g/dl, a low hemoglobin level of 7.8 g/dl and a potassium level of 6.2, which confirms our study. There are six people with pre-diabetes and we find that potassium is high and hemoglobin levels are low as they suffer from anemia. There is also a man who suffers from a slight increase in sugar 190 g/dl and a normal potassium level of 4.9 and a hemoglobin level of 12.6. This can be attributed to other causes of diabetes or eating shortly before the sugar test. Normal sugar There are 11 patients with high potassium and normal sugar levels except for 2 who have normal hemoglobin levels. Only potassium is high, which may be attributed to other causes or their levels are almost normal. It has become clear to us that the lack of oxygen resulting from anemia affects the pancreas' insulin sensitivity, so the blood sugar level rises. Potassium also works to maintain normal insulin levels in the blood, so it can be used as a treatment for diabetes.

Teachers' Attitudes toward Attention-Deficit or Hyperactivity Disorder in Primary Schools of Kirkuk, Iraq: A Cross-Sectional Study

2025-07-24T12:08:12+00:00

Among school-age children, Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is one of the most prevalent neurodevelopmental diseases. Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) has a substantial influence on academic and social outcomes, with teachers playing an important role in early detection and intervention. Despite its global prevalence (5-11%), teachers' attitudes, which are crucial for inclusive education, have received little attention in Iraq. This descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted among 419 primary school teachers across Kirkuk City, Iraq, from November 2024 to May 2025. Using random sampling, participants were recruited from 88 schools (36 public, 47 special public, and 5 private special education institutions). Data were collected through a validated 22-item questionnaire assessing, Sociodemographic, and Attitudes toward ADHD (3-point Likert scale, Cronbach's α=0.81) Statistical analysis in IBM SPSS v 20 included, Descriptive statistics and independent t-tests, ANOVA, Pearson's r). Most teachers (97.9%) held neutral attitudes, with only 2.1% expressing strong positive/negative views. Male teachers reported significantly more positive attitudes than females (mean difference = 1.45, p < 0.001). Class size weakly correlated with attitudes (r = 0.132, p = 0.007), while age, religion, and education level showed no significant associations (p > 0.05). While ADHD awareness is prevalent, attitudes remain largely neutral, influenced more by gender and classroom context than sociodemographic. Findings underscore the need for mandatory ADHD training programs to fill the gap between proactive aid and awareness.

Microbiological Forensics: New Possibilities in Criminal Investigations

2025-07-24T12:37:16+00:00

Forensic evidence is the keystone of criminal investigation, providing objective scientific evidence to substantiate the identification or exclusion of crimes within a court. One of the emerging trends in the area is the new addition of a new sub-discipline called microbial forensics, founded on the examination of the microscopic microbial populations of the individual or crime scene. These microbe populations are a unique biological trace which can serve as new evidence in criminal offenses, especially if other evidence is lost or admissible. The sources of microbials evidence are also varied and vary from blood, skin, and hair to biological tissues, soil, surfaces, and crime equipment. It is characterized by its variability and biological intricacy and shows various environmental and personal effects. Techniques of analyzing this evidence include microbial culture, polymerase chain reaction (PCR), and high-throughput gene sequencing (NGS), along with the use of nanotechnology and artificial intelligence in analyzing big data and improving result accuracy. Microbial evidence can be used in identifying individuals, tracking environment or biological crimes, linking evidence to criminals, and determining the time of death with accuracy using monitoring of changes in microbial populations at the time of death. Despite being of immense potential, it also comes with problems that it encounters, such as the problem of sampling accurately, environmental contamination of microbial data, and low legal acceptance, with ongoing development, there is little doubt that microbial forensics will be an essential tool of use in criminal investigations, more so in reference database construction, addition to standard genetic evidence, and bolstering legislative frameworks for use in courts.

Regulatory Roles of microRNAs in The Immune Response to Entamoeba Histolytica Infection

2025-07-24T13:38:17+00:00

Entamoeba histolytica, the protozoan parasite responsible for amebiasis, remains a significant global health concern, especially in developing regions. The host immune response to E. histolytica involves a complex interplay between innate and adaptive immunity, including the activation of macrophages, neutrophils, and the production of cytokines such as IL-1β, IFN-γ, and TNF-α. Recent research has revealed that microRNAs (miRNAs) small non-coding RNAs that post-transcriptionally regulate gene expression play crucial roles in modulating these immune responses during infection. This review highlights the current understanding of miRNA-mediated regulation of host immunity against E. histolytica. Specific miRNAs, such as miR-155, miR-146a, and miR-21, have been shown to regulate inflammatory signaling pathways including NF-κB and MAPK, thereby influencing cytokine production and immune cell activation. Additionally, miRNAs can modulate the expression of Toll-like receptors and other pattern recognition receptors, which are critical for the early detection of the parasite. Dysregulation of miRNA expression during infection may contribute to excessive inflammation or immune evasion by the parasite. Understanding the miRNA–immune interaction offers insights into host-pathogen dynamics and opens new avenues for therapeutic interventions. Targeting key miRNAs may represent a novel strategy to enhance host defense or limit tissue damage in amebiasis. Overall, this review emphasizes the emerging regulatory roles of miRNAs in shaping the immune landscape during E. histolytica infection and underscores their potential as biomarkers and therapeutic targets in parasitic diseases.

Effect of Aluminum Oxide (Al₂O₃) Addition on the Structural and Electrical Properties of Bi-2223 High-Temperature Superconductors (Bi₂Ca₂Ba₂) ₁₋ₓAl₂O₃Cu₃O₁₀₊δ

2025-07-26T06:21:04+00:00

This research aims to study the effect of adding aluminum oxide (Al₂O₃) on the structural and electrical properties of the compound (Bi₂Ca₂Ba₂) ₁₋ₓAl₂O₃Cu₃O₁₀₊_δ. The samples were prepared using the solid-state reaction technique with varying ratios of Al₂O₃, followed by sintering and annealing processes under controlled conditions. The structure was analyzed using X-ray diffraction (XRD) to determine the phases and lattice constants, in addition to electrical resistivity measurements to determine the superconducting transition temperature (Tc). The results showed that adding Al₂O₃ affects the phase purity and improves the magnetic flux pinning centers, with a slight modification in the lattice constants, while the optimal concentrations contributed to improving the transition sharpness without a significant reduction in Tc. These results confirm the importance of precise control of the structural composition to improve the functional performance of high-temperature superconductors.

The Effects of Alpha Lipoic Acid Supplementation on The Serum Lipid Profile, Weight Loss, and Resistin Level in Women PCOS Treated with Metformin

2025-07-26T10:31:39+00:00

Supplements such as Alpha Lipoic Acid are becoming more and more popular as more women look for natural remedies or prescription drugs to control their symptoms. Better health outcomes and an improved quality of life can result from combining these with a customized plan. Evaluation of the combined effects of metformin, and ALA, in PCOS in terms of weight loss, serum lipid profile, and insulin resistance is the goal of the current study. The randomized, single-blind, and actively controlled clinical trial was conducted in Babylon, Iraq, between September 2024 and March 2025. The participants were divided into two groups at random. Computer-generated random numbers were used for the random assignment. Glucophage (500 mg; Merck, West Drayton, UK) was administered once daily for 2 weeks followed by 2 times a day until end of study to patients in Group Met., while patients in Group Met.+ALA got metformin as in the first group plus ALA (600 mg, Batch no. 53642; neutec, Turkey) once/ day. Every treatment was administered for a total of twelve weeks. The average body mass index, cholesterol, triglycerides, and LDL all dramatically decreased after treatment, while HDL increased (p < 0.001). The effect of Met. plus ALA was significantly more pronounced than that of the other therapeutic modality (p < 0.05). Nevertheless, resistin serum levels were not substantially impacted by any of these treatment modalities (p > 0.05). In women with PCOS, alpha lipoic acid supplements are effective and safe ways to increase the results of metformin treatment in terms of weight loss and serum lipid profile improvement.

Preferable Learning Styles among Nursing Students in The University of Kufa: A Cross-Sectional Study

2025-07-26T11:32:06+00:00

The present study aimed to identify preferred learning styles among the nursing students in Kufa University and investigate the associations of their academic performance with the learning preferences. Fifty percent of a random sample of undergraduate nursing students (every other student) from stage11, 111 and lX were requested to participate in this descriptive cross-sectional study. An Arabic version of the questionnaire was used to examine the learning preferences. A total of 150 completed interview questionnaires. Results of the present study indicate that the most common learning preferences among the nursing students were visual (42%) followed by Auditory (26%), and kinesthetic (23.3%) learning preferences, and (8.7%) prefer two and more learning styles. There was association between gender and learning preferences (?> .05). different association between level of academic performance and learning preferences (?> .05). The present study concluded that the visual, active, and styles are the commonest learning preferences among the nursing students. The nursing educators should emphasize the use of this information in their teaching methods to improve learning skills among the nursing students.

Evaluation of The Results of The Effect of Hemorrrhoid Surgery on Urological Patients

2025-07-26T19:28:35+00:00

Hemorrhoid surgery is a common procedure in patients with hemorrhoids, but its impact in patients with urological conditions is unknown. We aimed to evaluate the outcomes of hemorrhoid surgery in urological patients over a 12-month follow-up. In this cross-sectional study, 98 urological patients who had undergone hemorrhoid surgery were evaluated. Preoperative and postoperative symptoms were quantified with the help of validated scales. Postoperative complications were noted, and health-related quality of life was evaluated preoperatively and postoperatively with the help of a standard QoL (SF-36). Univariate analysis was performed to search for risk factors affecting long-term health outcomes. The study found that the majority of patients were aged 41-60 years (74.3%), predominantly male (71.4%), with a high rate of comorbidities, including hypertension (50.0%) and diabetes mellitus (26.5%). Following surgery, there was a dramatic alleviation of urological symptoms, as seen in reductions in dysuria (3.4 ± 1.1 to 1.2 ± 0.5, p < 0.001) and nocturia (2.8 ± 1.3 to 0.8 ± 0.4, p < 0.001). Postoperative morbidity was minimal, with 8.2% of patients developing urinary retention. Quality of life was greatly improved in all domains assessed (p < 0.001). Age, BMI, and ASA grade were identified as risk factors for adverse long-term outcomes on univariate analysis (ORs between 1.05 and 2.10). Hemorrhoid surgery appears to significantly enhance health-related quality of life and urological symptoms in patients for as long as a 12-month follow-up. The postoperative outcome and recovery may be influenced by the presence of certain comorbidities and demographic factors.

Preparation and Evaluation of the Antibacterial Activity of Prunus armeniaca Seed Extract Enhanced with Iron Oxide Nanoparticles and Chitosan Coating Against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus

2025-07-27T10:24:22+00:00

The present study aimed to investigate the antibacterial activity of Prunus armeniaca (apricot) seed extract, both alone and in combination with iron oxide nanoparticles (Fe₃O₄ NPs) and chitosan coating, against two pathogenic bacterial strains: Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. The extract was prepared using a Soxhlet extraction method with hot water, and nanoparticles were synthesized via co-precipitation and coated with chitosan to improve stability and bioactivity. Characterization was performed using XRD, SEM, TEM, zeta potential, and zeta sizer techniques. Results revealed the formation of nanoscale composites with improved physicochemical properties. The disc diffusion method showed that the antibacterial activity increased progressively from the extract alone, to Fe₃O₄ NPs, and finally to the chitosan-coated formulation. The enhanced inhibition is attributed to the synergistic effect of bioactive compounds (e.g., amygdalin, phenolics) and the physicochemical interaction between the nanoparticles and bacterial membranes. These findings suggest that the nanoformulation has promising potential as an effective antimicrobial agent.

Innovative Strategies for Parasite Management: Integrating Drug Resistance Studies and Novel Therapeutic Targets

2025-07-29T12:30:05+00:00

Parasitic diseases represent a central health burden to many parts of the world, especially in the resource-limited setting. The increased rates of infected populations by drug-resistant strains of parasites indicate the essential demand of new interpretable techniques of parasite control. This paper presents a two-modality system which combines morphological feature analysis with modeling synthetic drug resistance. Based on applying more than 34,000 high-resolution, microscopic parasite and host cell images collected in eight different parasite and host cell classes, five most important morphology characteristics, i.e. area, perimeter, circularity, aspect, and intensity were extracted and analyzed statistically. An in-silico drug resistance profile of four antiparasitic drugs (Chloroquine, Amphotericin B, Suramin, and Metronidazole) was also established by estimating literatures-informed conclusions. Graphical representations, including the boxplot, heatmap, and pair plot, were used to identify some relationships between the structural characteristics and resistance patterns. Specific morphological profile was found in species such as Leishmania and Trypanosome as well as in increased simulated resisting levels. The innovation of the present work is that it has derived an explanatory, low-complexity model linking phenotypic image characterization with hypothetical drugs profiles that can be applied to parasite diagnostics--a method that has hitherto been uncharacteristic. The model is portable and affordable and provides the scalable solution to early resistance detection and morphological classification, which are most relevant in conditions when advanced molecular tools are not readily available.

P16 as a HPV-Related Biomaker: Evaluation Its Correlation with the Proliferation Index (ki67) In Benign/Premalignant and Malignant Laryngeal Lesions

2025-07-30T02:47:32+00:00

Subsequent to lung cancer, laryngeal carcinoma is considered the second most common carcinoma within the aerodigestive region, representing about 20% of all H&N carcinomas. Laryngeal carcinoma is regarded as the most prevalent head and neck cancer within the Middle Euphrates regions. Recently, HR-HPV infection has been recognized as a potentially contributing factor in promoting LSCC progression. The co-expression of p16 and Ki67, the proliferation index, is considered a characteristic marker of HPV-driven cancers. The cross-sectional study involved 44 laryngeal lesions-benign, premalignant, and malignant-preserved as FFPE blocks that were classified in two main group: A) 21 sample with LSCC and B) 23 samples with benign/premalignant laryngeal lesions. Immunohistochemical analysis for p16 and Ki67, respectively. Statistical associations were evaluated using fisher’s exact and Chi square tests. P-value less than 0.05 was regarded as statistically significant. Significant correlation observed between p16 positivity and age, sex, lesion site, diagnosis, and Ki67. P16 immunohistochemical analysis is insufficient as a conclusive biomarker of HPV-driven laryngeal lesions.

Natural Killer Cells in Multiple Sclerosis: Dual Roles in Neuroinflammation and Neuroprotection

2025-07-30T14:48:57+00:00

Multiple Sclerosis (MS) is a chronic, immune-mediated neurological disorder characterized by demyelination and neurodegeneration within the central nervous system (CNS). Among the diverse immune cells involved in the disease's pathophysiology, Natural Killer (NK) cells have garnered increasing interest due to their complex and seemingly contradictory roles. Traditionally recognized for their cytotoxic function against infected and transformed cells, NK cells are now understood to exert both pro-inflammatory and regulatory effects in MS. This review explores the dual roles of NK cells in MS, highlighting their contribution to neuroinflammation and potential in mediating neuroprotection. On one hand, NK cells can exacerbate disease activity by promoting the destruction of oligodendrocytes and releasing inflammatory cytokines such as IFN-γ and TNF-α. On the other hand, subsets of NK cells particularly the CD56^bright population—demonstrate immunoregulatory properties by modulating dendritic cell function and suppressing autoreactive T cells, thereby contributing to CNS immune homeostasis. We also discuss how NK cell frequency, phenotype, and function are altered in MS patients, and how current disease-modifying therapies impact these cells. Understanding the conditions under which NK cells shift from pathogenic to protective roles may unlock new therapeutic avenues aimed at enhancing their regulatory capacity while minimizing their harmful effects. Ultimately, targeting NK cell responses holds promise for more precise immunomodulation in MS, potentially balancing disease control with CNS preservation.

Utilizing Sodium Montmorillonite (Sodium Bentonite) for Desertification Control

2025-07-31T11:30:45+00:00

In line with the Sustainable Development Goals, which call for the use of environmentally friendly materials to reduce pollution and achieve a balance between environmental, economic, and social dimensions, bentonite has been adopted as an effective solution to address the problem of desertification. Bentonite is a natural material known for its high water retention capacity and its ability to improve soil properties, contributing to enhanced agricultural productivity and the sustainability of natural resources, while also mitigating land degradation. This approach is part of ongoing efforts to protect the environment, ensure food security, and improve the quality of life in areas affected by desertification. This research studies the effect of adding bentonite (natural clay) rich in montmorillonite in improving the physical and water properties of the soil as an effective means to combat desertification and contribute to achieving sustainable development goals. Soil samples from Hamdaniya University were used, mixed with different percentages of bentonite (0-50%), and the following properties were evaluated: moisture, organic matter, water retention capacity, pH, electrical conductivity, and bulk density and calculate water absorbency Q_H2O . The results showed that the addition of bentonite led to: a significant increase in soil moisture and its ability to retain water, an improvement in the organic content and biological activity of the soil, a decrease in pH and electrical conductivity indicating a more favorable environment for plant growth, a decrease in the bulk density of the soil which enhances its aeration and reduces hardening . The water absorbency Q_H2O increase .The results indicated that the best effect was recorded at 50% bentonite, making this material a sustainable environmental option to improve soil in arid and semi-arid areas, supporting Agricultural production.

The Biological Effect of The Aqueous Extract of Tumble Thistle (Gundelia Tournefortii L. ) on The Biological Performance of The Southern Cowpea Beetle Callosobruchus Maculatus (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae)

2025-07-31T16:07:27+00:00

Collection red bean seed samples(Phaseolus vulgaris) infected with the southern cowpea beetle (Callosobruchus maculatus) from local markets in Kirkuk city, starting from December 15, 2024, until April 25, 2025. Biological tests were conducted in the laboratories of the College of Education for Pure Sciences, University of Kirkuk. The tumble thistle plant (Gundelia tournefortii L.), which was collected from several vegetable shops, was extracted using known chemical methods, to study its toxic effects on the southern cowpea beetle. Three different concentrations of the extracts were used: 15%, 20%, and 25%. The study included the evaluation of several biological indicators of the insect, including the egg-laying rate. The results showed that the extract had a significant effect on the average number of eggs laid, as the number decreased with increasing concentration. The control group recorded the highest number of eggs, amounting to 166.6 eggs\ 40 g , while the numbers within the aqueous extract treatments were as follows: 73.3, 66.6, and 60 eggs for the stems, and 73.3, 73.3, and 66.6 eggs for the leaves, at concentrations of 15, 20, and 25%, respectively. The control group also recorded the highest number of emerging insects, amounting to 146.6 insects, while the number decreased with the treatment with the extracts, as the aqueous extract of the stems recorded 66.6, 46.6, and 53.3 insects, and the aqueous extract of the leaves recorded 60, 53.3, and 46.6 insects. The results showed an inverse relationship between the concentrations of the extracts and the percentage of emerging insects, as the percentage decreased with increasing concentration.

Identification and Antibiotic Sensitivity of Staphylococcus aureus Isolated from Burned-Wounded Patients

2025-07-31T16:33:48+00:00

Burns are the leading cause of death globally and the most severe type of trauma. resistant to methicillin One of the most prevalent bacteria associated with burn wound infections is Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA); nevertheless, antibiotic resistance in these strains has complicated therapy. Biofilm generation, a virulence factor that enhances antibiotic resistance, is the cause of treatment failure and recurrent staphylococcal infections in burn patients. In the current research, 50 samples were collected from burn and wound patients hospitalized to various hospitals in Erbil city. Thirty S. aureus isolates were identified using culture, morphological characteristics, biochemical tests, and Vitek's two compact methods. S. aureus generated yellow pigments on mannitol salt agar. S. aureus isolates were treated with several distinct antibiotics. the majority of isolates shown strong resistance to Ampicillin 100%, Ceftazidime 100%, Cefotaxime 100%, and Amikacin 6.6%. All S. aureus isolates were examined for biofilm production, and 71% of them produced robust biofilms. Impenem was the most efficacious antimicrobial drug against all S. aureus isolates.

Corrosion Inhibition of Medium-Carbon Steel Using Oleander Leaf Extracts in Acidic Environments

2025-08-03T12:45:50+00:00

The research deals with a kinetic and thermodynamic study of using an organic inhibitor extracted from oleander leaves (aqueous extract and alcoholic extract) to inhibit the corrosion of medium carbon steel in an acidic medium (1M) HCL. Several tests were conducted to evaluate the performance of this inhibitor. They included measuring the corrosion rate by weight loss method at different concentrations of the inhibitor (30, 40, 50, 60)% mg, as the inhibition efficiency reached 89.1% when using the aqueous oleander leaf extract at a concentration of (60)% mg and a temperature of 293K and reached 92.2% when using the alcoholic oleander leaf extract at a concentration of (60)% mg and a temperature of 293K. Finally, microscopic examination was conducted and the results showed that the used inhibitors were not only an alternative to traditional inhibitors, but were better than them in all the testing methods conducted to evaluate their performance. It is less expensive because it is natural and widely available in our beloved country. It is more efficient than other common inhibitors is less toxic and does not pollute the environment.

Study on The Effect of Ultraviolet (UV) Radiation on Polyvinyl Chloride Polymer

2025-08-03T15:14:42+00:00

This study investigates the effect of ultraviolet (UV) radiation on a number of polymers by incorporating specific chemical compounds. The main findings are summarized as follows: A series of oxazepine compounds were synthesized from the hydrazone compound (KH1), which was prepared using the Schiff base method. These included oxazepine derivatives designated as KH2, KH3, KH4, and KH5. Polyvinyl chloride (PVC) was exposed to UV radiation, and UV-VIS spectra were recorded. Subsequently, the oxazepine compounds were added to the PVC polymer, and measurements were repeated at different exposure intervals (100, 200, , 300 hours). The results showed that UV radiation induced degradation in the polymer. However, the addition of these compounds (KH6, KH7, KH8, KH9) improved the photostability of the polymers when incorporated at a concentration of 0.5% by weight. All experiments were conducted at room temperature. Another method involved exposing several polymers to natural sunlight. Slight changes were observed in some polymers through absorbance measurements at varying wavelengths. However, the effect was more significant in polymer films. These findings suggest that adding certain compounds to polymers can enhance their resistance to UV radiation.

Influence of Synthesis Parameters on the Structural and Superconducting Characteristics of Bi₂Sr₂Ca₃Cu₄O₁₀₊δ High-Temperature Superconductors

2025-08-03T17:36:08+00:00

This study investigates the influence of annealing temperature on the structural and superconducting characteristics of Bi₂Sr₂Ca₃Cu₄O₁₀₊δ high-temperature superconductors synthesized using the solid-state reaction method. Samples were annealed at 650°C, 750°C, and 850°C in an oxygen-rich atmosphere to control phase formation, crystal structure, and superconducting behavior. X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis confirmed a progressive transformation from low-CuO₂-layer phases to the Bi-2234 phase, with an optimal c/a ratio and crystallite size observed at 850°C. Electrical measurements showed enhanced superconductivity at 850°C, with a sharp transition temperature (T_c(on) = 115.8 K) and narrow ΔT_c, indicating high phase purity. SEM and AFM analyses revealed improved grain connectivity, reduced surface roughness, and enhanced structural uniformity at elevated temperatures. The results confirm that 850°C is the optimal annealing temperature for achieving superior structural integrity and superconducting performance in Bi-2234 compounds.

Identification of Candida Species in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in Kirkuk City-Iraq

2025-08-07T01:13:09+00:00

Patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) are more prone to Candida infections due to high blood sugar and weakened immunity. While Candida albicans is common, other species are increasingly seen. Identifying these species is important for proper treatment and infection control. The present study was conducted at Azadi Teaching Hospital and Kirkuk General Hospital in the city of Kirkuk. A total of 100 oral swabs were collected from patients diagnosed with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) between November 21, 2021, and March 21, 2022. Samples from individuals who were smokers or suffered from hypertension or other chronic conditions were excluded from the study. The final sample included 50 males and 50 females, with ages ranging between 30 and 60 years. Diabetes was confirmed by hospital physicians prior to sample collection. Direct microscopic examination revealed positive findings in 41 male patients (82%) and 46 female patients (92%). Three Candida species were identified using biochemical tests and culturing on Chrom Agar Candida medium. Candida albicans was the most frequently isolated species, accounting for 59 isolates (73.75%), followed by Candida glabrata with 13 isolates (16.25%), and Candida dubliniensis with 8 isolates (10%).

Common Practical Errors among Family Physicians and Contributing Factors in Iraq

2025-08-06T14:14:21+00:00

Abstract: Medical errors are a critical concern in family practice, with significant implications for patient safety. Understanding the common practical errors and their causes is essential for improving healthcare quality. This study aims to investigate the common practical errors among family doctors and the contributing factors. A cross-sectional study was conducted among 400 family doctors who work at primary health care centers in Iraq between 2nd of January 2024 to 1st of July 2024. Data were collected using a structured questionnaire, including sections on demographic information, frequency of errors such as (misdiagnosis, prescription errors and documentation errors), and contributing factors such as (workload and time pressure, fatigue and sleep deprivation and lack of proper training or education). Responses were analyzed using SPSS version 26. The most common errors identified were related to documentation errors (25.3%). Factors contributing to these errors included workload (89.3%), sleep deprivation (80%), burnout (77%), and organizational culture (77.3%). Frequency were found between misdiagnosis and high workloads, sleep deprivation, training, communication skills, technology, and personal stress. We also found frequency between prescription errors and high workloads, sleep deprivation, training, communication skills, and technology. We also found frequency between poor hand hygiene with training, communication, technology, personal stress, and an organizational culture that prioritizes efficiency over safety. Frequent medical errors were noted in primary care among family physician in Iraq. The most common errors identified were related to documentation errors. The study highlighted how factors like workload, fatigue and sleep deprivation ,burnout, and organization culture affect patient care, by identifying common causes of errors made by family physicians.

Physical and Chemical Characteristics of Tigris River Water in the Cities of Essaouira and Numaniyah - Southern Iraq

2025-08-10T02:34:37+00:00

The physical and chemical properties of the Tigris River water were studied in Wasit province at the cities of Essaouira and Numaniyah and two stations were selected. The sampling study was monthly from Jan2018 to July 2018 . The effect of the dropping in water levels in the Tigris River and the lack of rainfall for 2018 with the rise of most property values in the winter of 2018 and the decrease in April 2018 to increase rainfall this month, as most values showed a marked rise at the Numaniyah station, while the vital requirement for BOD5 oxygen and phosphates increased at Essaouira station, the electrical conductivity rate was recorded at (1798micro cm/cm) at Numaniyah which is reflected in the presence of contaminated elements, as the results showed a rise in the values of total hardness at a rate of (400 mg/l) and that calcium and magnesium elements are the causes of the hardness and the baseband was mostly due to the presence of carbon ions and biacarpones. Sulfate increased by (484 mg/L) and phosphates and nitrate exceeded surface water courses by(0.46-9.4 mg/L).

Comprehensive Evaluation of IgG, IgM, and Total Antioxidant Capacity in Breast Cancer Patients in Kirkuk: Insights into Immune and Oxidative Stress Markers

2025-08-10T16:37:50+00:00

Breast cancer remains the most frequently diagnosed life-threatening malignancy in women and continues to be the leading cause of cancer-related mortality in this population. Globally, it is the second most common cause of cancer-related deaths among women. In Iraq, breast cancer represents the most prevalent form of malignancy among females, accounting for approximately one-third of all documented female cancer cases, according to the most recent data from the Iraqi Cancer Registry ,This study was conducted on a cohort of breast cancer patients and healthy volunteers from Kirkuk Governorate in northern Iraq. A total of 95 participants were enrolled, comprising 50 breast cancer patients and 45 age-matched healthy controls , The primary objective of this study was to assess the circulating levels of Immunoglobulin G (IgG), Immunoglobulin M (IgM), and Total Antioxidant Capacity (TAC) in breast cancer patients and to explore their potential utility as diagnostic or prognostic biomarkers , The findings demonstrated significantly elevated concentrations of IgG and IgM, along with a marked reduction in TAC levels among breast cancer patients when compared to the control group (p < 0.05). These results highlight the critical involvement of immune dysregulation and oxidative stress in the pathophysiology and progression of breast cancer.

Microbial Load Comparison Between Clinical and Non-Clinical Student Environments in Al-Kindy College of Medicine

2025-08-11T10:58:41+00:00

The environmental surfaces hygiene of college premises like classrooms play role in spreading different pathogenic bacteria, furthermore a Medical students are often potential vectors for resistant bacteria to their entourage. This study aimed to assess bacterial contamination and their susceptibility to various antimicrobial agents in the educational classroom of Al-Kindy College of medicine in two classrooms: one occupied by clinical visitor and non-clinical visitor students to evaluate and determine its health risk. In this cross-sectional study, different sites of the educational classroom of Al-Kindy College of medicine were studied. Ninety-sex Different swab samples were collected from 8 different sites of college across both classrooms were included in this study for one month, all surface samples were preceded under standard guidelines of isolation and identification of bacteria. A total of 180 bacterial isolates were identified, comprising 82 from the non-clinical visitor classroom and 98 from the clinical visitor classroom. Escherichia coli were the predominant isolate in both classrooms, accounting for (21.11%) of the total isolates, followed by Staphylococcus spp. at (16.67%). Notably, the clinical visitor students' classroom exhibited additional bacterial species, including Clostridium .difficile and Citrobacter spp., which were not detected in the non-clinical visitor students' classroom. The VITEK system also conducted an antimicrobial susceptibility test to the most common bacterial isolates in order to demonstrate the presence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria in college classrooms. Escherichia .coli isolates tested highly sensitive to imipenem and amikacin, but more resistant to carbapenem (CRO) and trimothoprim/sulfamethoxazole (SXT), according to antibiotic susceptibility testing. The increased diversity and bacterial load in the clinical visitor students' classroom could be a result of different hygiene habits or exposure to healthcare settings. According to the findings, the most common bacterial pathogen found in college classrooms is Escherichia.coli isolates. Improved infection control procedures are therefore desperately needed, particularly in settings where clinical training is conducted. To lower the risk of bacterial transmission and the spread of antibiotic-resistant strains, classrooms must be regularly decontaminated.

Force Effect of Biologycel

2025-08-12T12:58:19+00:00

This study was conducted to investigate the effects of force, specifically biomechanics, a major topic in biology. Biomechanics is the study of how forces interact with biological systems. It examines how the mechanisms and movement of organisms respond to internal and external factors. Demographic data were collected for the study sample, including age and body mass index (BMI). Demographic results showed higher rates of BMI (24.9–18.5 kg/m²) in the female group compared to the male group, as well as higher rates of BMI (<30 kg/m²) in the male group compared to the female group. Significantly higher BMI levels were recorded among females in the patient group compared to males. Aims To investigate the potential integration of biomechanics with traditional concepts of force. This study provides an overview of the mechanical properties of many body parts, such as muscles, hair, bones, and others. In short, biomechanics is a vital field that integrates biology and physics to better understand how organisms interact with their surroundings, thus improving human performance and overall well-being.

Photogrammetry for Implant Impressions: A Short Review

2025-08-12T13:15:36+00:00

Because of stitching mistakes and a lack of anatomical landmarks, intraoral scanners (IOS) frequently have trouble taking precise full-arch implant impressions, which results in less than ideal prosthetic fit. An alternative is provided by photogrammetry, which uses specialized cameras and coded scan bodies to directly record implant positions.
Reviewing photogrammetry applications for full-arch, implant-supported prostheses with an emphasis on technical constraints, user experience, workflow efficiency, and accuracy is the goal. Using searches in PubMed, Google Scholar, and the Wiley Online Library, a narrative review of ten important studies was carried out. These studies included systematic reviews, in vitro comparisons, and proof-of-concept reports. Clinical trials and comparative studies comparing photogrammetry with IOS and traditional impression techniques were the focus of the inclusion criteria. Compared to IOS and traditional techniques, photogrammetry consistently showed sub-50 µm trueness in full-arch implant impressions. The "one-shot" capture method improved patient and clinician satisfaction by cutting down on scan time and retakes. The majority of systems, however, demand a different scan for soft-tissue registration, and there are still obstacles in the form of expensive upfront costs and a dearth of extensive clinical trials. The accuracy and effectiveness of full-arch implant workflows are greatly improved by photogrammetry. Despite its promise, its routine clinical adoption will require additional large-scale, standardized clinical studies and integrated soft-tissue capture solutions.

A Comprehensive Study of the Properties of Polypropylene Glycol 1025 (PPG1025) using a Combination of Two Theoretical Models, the Simha–Somsenki (SS) Model and the Cahen–Hilliard (CH) Equation

2025-08-28T16:52:10+00:00

In this study, the thermal and physical properties of polypropylene glycol PPG1025 were investigated using a combination of the modified Simha–Somcynsky cell theory and the Cahn–Hilliard equation, with the aim of analyzing the effect of temperature and molecular weight on specific volume, density, surface tension, and energy difference coefficient. Experimental data was used within the Wolfram Mathematica environment with the Newton–Raphson algorithm to obtain accurate solutions to nonlinear equations and reduce the error ratio. The results showed that the specific volume increases with rising temperature while the density and surface tension gradually decrease, and the fraction of voids within the polymer structure increases. The limiting energy coefficient and site occupancy index also showed regular changes reflecting the flexibility and stability of the PPG1025 molecular network within the studied temperature range, confirming the efficiency of theoretical models in predicting polymer behavior.

Evaluation of Biomarker and Clinical Indicators in Women with Breast Cancer in Kirkuk Governorate: A Comparative Study

2025-08-14T15:07:34+00:00

Being one of the commonest cancers among women (and rank as leading cause of death in women) makes breast cancer a global problem and Iraqi experience is not different. This study was conducted to assess some biochemical, clinical and prognostic indicators among women diagnosed with breast cancer in Kirkuk Governorate (Iraq) as compared to a control group of apparently healthy women. The clinical parameters included tumor diameter, hormone receptor status (ER/PR), HER2 expression and lymph node metastasis and biochemical indicators such as CA 15-3, CEA, CRP and LDH. Results demonstrate the differences of these biomarkers between these two groups, showing potential for effective diagnosis and prognosis of breast cancer. The study included 90 women: 60 with breast cancer and 30 without it. The data showed that the proportion of patients with larger-size tumor, HER2-positive patient and more positive nodes in the patient group were significantly higher. Additionally, key biomarkers CA 15-3, CEA, CRP and LDH were also increased in breast cancer group suggesting potential for use of these markers for both diagnosis and follow-up of the disease. Tumor characteristics, hormone receptor status, and the prevalence of lymph nodes among breast cancer patients showed significant differences in our study being compared to controls. The levels of CA 15-3, CEA, CRP and LDH are increased in the patient group indicating that these biomarkers may be useful for confirming the presence of breast cancer and monitoring its behavior. This study emphasizes the clinical and biochemical markers have their importance in diagnosis, prognosis as well as monitoring for breast cancer burden to different districts like Kirkuk Governorate. Studies in this area should continue to improve treatments and prevent poor outcomes for patients.

Sex-Based Disparities in Chronic Myeloid Leukemia: Insights from ASXL1 Mutations and Epidemiological Data

2025-08-14T18:08:24+00:00

Chronic Myeloid Leukemia (CML) is a hematological tumor considered through the BCR-ABL1 fusion gene, instigating unrestrained growth of myeloid cells. Whereas Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors (TKIs) have transformed CML management, differences in sickness proportions and results between sexes requirement additional training. This paper associations perceptions as of a new thesis on ASXL1 mutations and BCR-ABL1 transcript kinds in CML sick, along with wider epidemiological documents, to inspect sex-based alterations in CML vulnerability and advancement. Investigation consistently shows a higher incidence of CML in men compared to women, proposing that men might have a larger innate danger or a larger pool of objective cells susceptible to leukemic alteration. Moreover, research indicate that men with CML often have additional somatic mutations, comprising those in ASXL1, which stay related to worse medical results and sickness development. This evaluation accentuates the serious requirement for sex-disaggregated documents in CML investigation to uncover fundamental biological apparatuses, for example genetic and hormonal aspects, and to progress additional exact, sex-specific management. Accepting these changes is important for progressing personalized medication in CML.

Evaluation of Immune Response of Staphylococcus aureus Isolated from Periodontitis

2025-08-14T22:06:12+00:00

The present study aims to evaluate the immune response of S. aureus isolated from Periodontitis, which can cross from the oral cavity and lead to systemic inflammation, The isolation and identification of Staphylococcus aureus was carried out from twenty patients suffering from Periodontitis with an susceptibility test to estimate the isolated bacteria. The immune response was determined in albino mice serum, specifically for TLR-2, IL-4, IL-10, and IL-17 levels. Susceptibility test results showed that the rate of resistance of isolates to antibiotics varied. The immunological study revealed a difference in cytokine values between the present study groups when stimulated with S. aureus. The results showed that TLR-2, IL-4, IL-10, and IL-17 levels estimations were 9.38, 136.56, 98.6, and 288.3 pg/mL, respectively, with significant differences at p < .05. The conclusions were that S. aureus can affect the immune system of lab mice with Periodontitis and then systemic cytokine progression.

Shedding Light on Ovarian Cancer: MicroRNA-590 and FOXA2 as Novel Diagnostic Signatures

2025-08-15T04:36:47+00:00

In recent years, there has been a lot of interest in the study for particular biomarkers in ovarian cancer. By targeting tumor suppressors, microRNA-590 has been shown to increase the proliferation of ovarian cancer cells and plays a significant role in the formation of tumors. Numerous cancers, including ovarian cancer, have decreased expression of the tumor suppressor transcription factor FOXA2. The purpose of this study was to assess the diagnostic value of circulating MicroRNA-590 and FOXA2 levels in patients with ovarian cancer. A case-control study comprising 35 healthy controls and 70 ovarian cancer patients was carried out. ELISA was used to measure the levels of FOXA2 in the serum. Using qRT-PCR, the amount of circulating MicroRNA-590 was measured. The 2^-ΔΔCt technique was used to calculate fold change values. ROC curve and logistic regression were used in statistical analysis to compare groups and assess diagnostic value. Compared to controls, ovarian cancer patients had significantly reduced levels of FOXA2 and MicroRNA-590 expression. MicroRNA-590 fold change values were found to have significantly decreased. MicroRNA-590 had an efficient diagnostic value (AUC = 84.5%), according to ROC curve analysis, whereas FOXA2 had limited diagnostic performance. Both indicators' diagnostic significance was validated using logistic regression. MicroRNA-590 and circulating FOXA2 levels are decreased in ovarian cancer and could be useful non-invasive diagnostic indicators. Superior diagnostic accuracy was demonstrated by MicroRNA-590, which may help in early diagnosis and differentiation from healthy individuals.

Estimation the levels of Nuclear Factor Erythroid 2–Related Factor 2 (Nrf-2) in Patients with type II diabetes mellitus

2025-08-15T12:45:44+00:00

Type II Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) and its precursor, pre-diabetes, are characterized by chronic oxidative stress and metabolic dysfunction. Nuclear Factor Erythroid 2–Related Factor 2 (Nrf2), a master regulator of antioxidant defenses, are crucial in cellular protection. This study aimed to estimate the levels of serum Nrf2 in T2DM patients, pre-diabetic individuals, and healthy controls, and to evaluate their diagnostic potential. A case control was conducted. This study involved 88 individuals, including 46 type II diabetes patients,12 prediabetic and 30 volunteers as a control, with inclusion criteria including normal fasting blood sugar and haemoglobin A1c results. Blood samples were collected from both control and patient groups after 12 hours of fasting. Data were collected via a structured questionnaire covering sociodemographics, medical history, and lifestyle, complemented by clinical evaluations by specialist physicians. Serum lipid panel were measured . Elisa system was used for the detection of Nrf2 level. The study groups were well-differentiated by HbA1c and lipid profiles, with DM and pre-DM groups exhibiting typical glycemic and dyslipidemic patterns. median serum Nrf2 levels were remarkably similar and largely overlapping across all three groups (medians: Healthy 26, Pre-DM 30, DM 29), indicating no significant difference. Nrf2 demonstrated poor diagnostic utility (AUCs < 0.63, p-values > 0.05). Serum Nrf2 levels do not appear to be a reliable prognostic indicator for these conditions. These findings underscore the potential of Nrf2 as a valuable non-invasive screening and monitoring tool in the context of impaired glucose metabolism.

Nurses' Knowledge and Practices Toward Parenteral Infusion at Kirkuk city Teaching Hospitals

2025-08-15T13:01:27+00:00

Parenteral infusion errors are recognized worldwide, endangering both patients and healthcare providers due to the potential of blood borne adverse effects. Nonetheless, dangerous intravenous (IV) injection practices have proliferated globally, highlighting nurses' responsibility in the safe and effective delivery of intravenous (IV) therapy avoid significant errors, risks, and consequences. Evaluate nurses' knowledge and practices in relation to parenteral infusion therapy. A quantitative design, descriptive study had been employed in the present study using the test-retest strategy for the sample under study during the period from 8th October,2024 to 15th joun,2025. the sample include (95) nurses who were accountable for administering intravenous treatment and working in Intensive Care Units at Kirkuk city teaching hospitals. Two tools are used in this study: Tool 1: nurses' knowledge related to parenteral infusion therapy.; through a structured questionnaire. Tool 2: Nurses’ practices observational checklist related to parenteral infusion therapy. Most nurses were female, and most of them were between the ages of 25 and 30. The study reveals that only one third (33 (34.7%)) of nurses have a job training in parenteral infusion therapy. Global Overall Knowledge was (65.44%), Global Overall Practices was (53.45%), and Global Overall Knowledge & Practices was (59.22%). The current research found that the nurses' knowledge and performance about parenteral infusion treatment were at a moderate level.

Recent Advances in Immunotherapy for Autoimmune and Inflammatory Diseases

2025-08-16T03:15:16+00:00

Autoimmune and inflammatory diseases represent a significant global health burden, characterized by dysregulated immune responses that target the body’s own tissues. Recent advances in immunotherapy have revolutionized the management of these disorders, offering more precise and effective treatment strategies. Biological agents, such as monoclonal antibodies targeting tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and interleukin-17 (IL-17), have significantly improved outcomes in conditions like rheumatoid arthritis, psoriasis, and inflammatory bowel disease. Additionally, therapies modulating T-cell activity, such as abatacept and anti-CD20 therapies like rituximab, have shown efficacy in systemic lupus erythematosus and multiple sclerosis. The emergence of Janus kinase (JAK) inhibitors represents another promising advancement, providing oral options that disrupt intracellular signaling pathways involved in immune activation. Furthermore, tolerogenic vaccines and antigen-specific immunotherapies are being explored to re-educate the immune system and promote immune tolerance. Cellular therapies, including regulatory T cell (Treg) expansion and mesenchymal stem cell transplantation, also hold potential for long-term immune modulation. While these innovations mark a significant leap forward, challenges remain, including the risk of infections, high costs, and variable patient responses. Personalized medicine approaches, integrating genetic, immunological, and clinical data, are expected to refine treatment selection and improve efficacy. In conclusion, recent developments in immunotherapy offer new hope for patients with autoimmune and inflammatory diseases, moving toward targeted, individualized care that aims not only to control symptoms but also to modify disease progression and restore immune balance.

Recent Advances in Immunotherapy for Autoimmune and Inflammatory Diseases

2025-08-17T10:26:47+00:00

Prevalence and Etiology of Chronic Renal Failure in Al-Diwaniyah Hemodialysis Unit

2025-08-17T11:43:50+00:00

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is characterized by damage to the kidneys or a decrease in the estimated glomerular filtration rate (egfr) to below 60 ml/min per 1.73 square meters, lasting for at least 3 months. This condition leads to a gradual decline in kidney function, which may eventually require treatment options like dialysis or transplantation. And rising incidence and Prevalence in the world. To determine the primary reasons for kidney failure among patients in the hemodialysis unit of AL Diwaniyah and how to minimize these reasons and the Environmental changes associated with kidney failure, in an attempt to mitigate the negative effects of these variables on patients. A descriptive study with a quantitative approach was carried out involving both males and females in the AL Diwaniyah hemodialysis unit for patients with chronic renal failure Our study included 50 patients who attended to al Diwaniyah hemodialysis unit in al Diwaniyah Teaching hospital and from history and investigations. The study found that chronic renal failure was more common in male (60%) than female (40%) and the most common cause is High blood pressure accounts for 36% of cases, with diabetes following at 26%. Other causes include chronic pyelonephritis at 8%, urinary tract stones at 6%, polycystic kidney disease at 4%, and chronic glomerulonephritis and cortical necrosis, both at 2%. Additionally, 16% of cases are idiopathic, potentially linked to medications, toxins, and congenital issues. Many leading causes of chronic kidney disease are treatable, and starting the right treatment early can help stop CKD from developing further or advancing to end-stage renal failure.

The Prevalence and Predictors of Burnout Among Nurses: A Cross-Sectional Study

2025-08-17T12:14:13+00:00

Employee burnout is a risk in this setting. investigated due to the lack of studies and research. This study evaluates Burnout prevalence, its association, and impacts among the nursing staff who are working in AL-Diwaniyah hospitals. The concept of burnout among healthcare workers is not new, but recently, there has been a lot of national focus on nurses' mental health and how it affects patient safety. The purpose of this study was to examine The Prevalence and Predictors of Burnout Among Nurse at Al-Diwaniyah Hospital using a cross-sectional design. A purposive (non-probability) sample of 25 nurses was employed for the study. The study has been carried out in Al-Diwaniyah Hospital \ Iraq, conducted throughout August 2nd, 2024, to February 2nd, 2025. There were two sections to the questionnaire: Part I is a self-administered survey on the demographics of the sample; Part II is a self-administered questionnaire sheet about burnout based on the Cristina Maslach Burnout Inventory. A study found that there is a moderate level of burnout among medical personnel, where a burnout rate was 56%.ALSO shows that there is a nonsignificant association among the nurses' burnout and their gender according to (Kruskal-Wallis) at p-value (.341), and that there is a nonsignificant association among the nurses' burnout and their workplace, age, while there is a significant to marital status according to (Mann-Whitney U ). According to this study, the participants in the study were moderate level of burnout among nurses ‘staff (56%) which is mostly related Some factors included in our survey such as Fear of contracting communicable diseases, Increased effort at work and as a result Feeling stressed and tired at the end of the day, Insufficient monthly income for some medical personal. Some of the factors that have been included, such as increased working hours, exposure to professional pressures that exceed their ability to bear, being in constant confrontation with patients’ problems, or the lack of updated guidelines, and high rates of infection among health care providers, have also contributed.

Relationship between Social Anxiety and Self-Esteem for Nursing Students

2025-08-19T12:35:24+00:00

The university is the most important stage of education; Social anxiety is an important factor in peoples’ mental health. Good mental health while studying at university allows students to deal effectively with numerous stressors that they experience. Self-esteem seems to be an important component of a person's psychological status. A descriptive–analytic study sample that selected from Al Najaf Governorate from January 15th 2025 through May 1st, 2025. Simple random sample of (100) subjects, it is selected throughout the use of non-probability sampling, through Questionnaire questions. A total of n = 100 surveys completed by nursing students. (12 %) of them have moderate levels according to the total score of social anxiety. And there is correlation between social anxiety and self-esteem among Nurses Student with significant relationship at P value >0.01, and no significant relationship between demographic data and total Social Anxiety assessment except Resident and age which appear significant relationship. The study concluded that most of the nursing students have moderate self-esteem, it seems that the placement of students in the nursing education system does not produce any changes in their social anxiety, and More educational and recreational activities that decrease social anxiety Keywords: Social anxiety, self-esteem, Nursing students, Education.

Assessment of Nursing Students’ Knowledge about Gastritis

2025-08-19T13:38:15+00:00

Gastritis is a prevalent gastrointestinal condition with significant health implications, affecting individuals worldwide due to factors such as lifestyle habits, stress, dietary patterns, and infections like *Helicobacter pylori*. Nursing students, who often face academic pressures and irregular eating habits, may be particularly susceptible to this condition. This study aimed to assess nursing students' knowledge about gastritis and explore the relationship between their demographic characteristics and knowledge levels. A cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted at the College of Nursing, University of Kufa, Iraq, from October 2024 to February 2025. A convenience sample of 60 second-, third-, and fourth-year nursing students participated. Data were collected using a structured questionnaire covering demographic information and 20 items assessing knowledge of gastritis, including its etiology, symptoms, pathophysiology, classification, risk factors, and complications. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS version 25, employing descriptive and inferential statistics (Chi-square test). The results revealed that the majority of participants were aged 18– 24 years (96.7%), female (63.3%), and urban residents (61.7%). The overall knowledge score was moderate (mean = 1.43), with significant variations across academic years. Fourth-year students demonstrated higher knowledge levels compared to their peers. Key gaps were identified in areas such as diagnostic tests, complications, and nursing care plans. A significant association (p ≤ 0.05) was found between knowledge levels and demographic factors like academic year and residency. The study concludes that while nursing students possess foundational knowledge about gastritis, critical gaps remain. Recommendations include enhancing the nursing curriculum with detailed gastrointestinal content, conducting targeted workshops, and promoting healthy lifestyle practices. Further research with larger and more diverse samples is encouraged to validate these findings and develop effective educational interventions.

Students' Skills in Dealing with Bullying in Secondary Schools: an Illustrative Study

2025-08-19T14:19:06+00:00

School bullying continues to pose a significant threat to children and adolescents despite decades of research and school bullying prevention programs implemented. This study aimed to assess the impact of educational interventions on students' responses to bullying incidents and to analyze the socio-demographic factors influencing these reactions. A cross-sectional survey methodology was employed to examine the prevalence of bullying behaviors and the reactions of students in a school setting. A self-administered questionnaire was used to measure students' experiences with bullying, their reactions to bullying, and their demographic information. Pre- and post-education assessments were conducted to assess students' responses to bullying. The results revealed that bullying manifests in various forms, including physical, verbal, and cyberbullying, with physical bullying being the most identifiable and commonly reported type. The significant changes in students' reactions to bullying after educational interventions highlight the effectiveness of targeted educational programs. The strong association with educational stage suggests that interventions may need to be tailored to specific age groups. Given that a substantial proportion of students reported being bullied, it is imperative that schools implement comprehensive anti-bullying strategies that not only address the immediate behaviors but also promote a positive school climate. Such strategies should involve collaboration among educators, parents, and students to create a supportive environment where bullying is actively discouraged and reported. Future research and policy development must prioritize evidence-based approaches that empower students and foster a culture of respect and inclusivity within schools.

Assessment of Nurses' Knowledge Regarding Continuous Renal Replacement Therapy

2025-08-21T11:51:26+00:00

Continuous Renal Replacement Therapy (CRRT) is a critical intervention for Acute Kidney Injury (AKI) in intensive care units (ICUs), requiring specialized nursing knowledge. This study assessed nurses' CRRT knowledge levels and explored the impact of demographic factors. A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted with 46 nurses from two governmental hospitals in Al-Najaf City (March 1–4, 2025). Data were collected via a validated questionnaire and analyzed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) (Version 26), employing descriptive statistics and ANOVA (p ≤ 0.05 significance). Most nurses (80.43%) demonstrated moderate CRRT knowledge (Mean Score (MS) 2.25, Standard Deviation (SD) = 0.58), with only 4.35% exhibiting good knowledge. No significant relationships were found between knowledge and demographic factors (age, sex, education, experience; all p > 0.05). A strong positive correlation existed between knowledge and attitude (r = 0.696, p < 0.0001). Nurses’ CRRT knowledge is moderate, with gaps in complex aspects. Demographic factors do not influence competency, highlighting the need for targeted training over reliance on experience. Implement structured CRRT training programs (simulation, case studies), continuing education workshops, and mentorship initiatives to enhance knowledge and patient outcomes.

Roan (Ulinastatin) in the Complex Therapy of Obstetric Sepsis: Effects on IL-6 and TNF-α Levels and Clinical Outcomes

2025-08-21T17:37:22+00:00

Obstetric sepsis is a leading cause of maternal morbidity and mortality worldwide, largely due to systemic inflammatory response and cytokine storm. This study evaluated the effectiveness of Roan (ulinastatin), a protease inhibitor, as part of complex therapy for obstetric sepsis. A total of 40 patients with moderate obstetric sepsis were enrolled and divided into two groups: standard therapy plus Roan (100,000 IU intravenously twice daily for five days) and standard therapy alone. Key clinical parameters, laboratory indices, and cytokine levels (IL-6 and TNF-α) were assessed on days 1 and 7. By day 7, the Roan group showed significant reductions in IL-6 (58%) and TNF-α (52%) compared to the control group (24% and 19% reductions, respectively; p<0.05). Clinical stabilization occurred 2.3 days earlier, and hospitalization was shortened by 3.1 days in the Roan group. These findings demonstrate that Roan effectively suppresses excessive inflammation, improves clinical outcomes, and is well tolerated. The study supports incorporating Roan into intensive care protocols for obstetric sepsis, while highlighting the need for larger multicenter trials to validate dosage, duration, and long-term outcomes.

Adverse Effects of SARS-CoV-2 Vaccines on Patients Suffering from Non-Communicable Diseases

2025-08-21T18:11:52+00:00

Vaccination side effects is one of the main social concerns in vaccination decision among population especially among adults who have non-communicable diseases. The aim of the present study is to investigate the effect of three SARS-CoV-2 vaccines presented in Iraq (Pfizer, AstraZeneca-Oxford and Sinopharm) including SARS-CoV-2 infection on the development of some post- vaccination side effects. A total of 414 individuals were included in the present study. Data was collected between January 2022 and March 2022. All individuals are vaccinated by one of the three vaccines that are available in Iraq which are Oxford-AstraZeneca vaccine, Pfizer Biontech vaccine and Sinopharm vaccine. All individuals in the present study were tested for one of the common non-communicable diseases (Hypertension, Allergy, Rheumatoid arthritis, Heart diseases, Diabetes, Kidney diseases and others). The results revealed the prevalence of moderate side effects were in two types of vaccines in Iraq which are Pfizer BioNTech Vaccine and Oxford-AstraZeneca vaccine. However; Sinopharm Vaccine show mild or asymptomatic side effects to all types of non-communicable diseases. Severity was observed in Pfizer BioNTech vaccine only. The side effects of three major SARS-CoV-2 vaccines in Iraqi patients with NCDs, differentiating between those previously infected and those who were not.

Covid-19 Associated Hair Fall

2025-08-22T15:57:23+00:00

The COVID-19 pandemic has introduced a wide array of clinical consequences beyond respiratory symptoms. Among these, hair fall has emerged as a significant post-viral manifestation. A growing number of recovered patients report hair shedding several weeks to months following infection. This paper systematically reviews and analyzes available literature, clinical reports, and observational studies from 2020 to 2024 that explore the link between COVID-19 and hair loss. The most common form is telogen effluvium (TE), triggered by physical stress (fever, infection), psychological trauma, and post-inflammatory cytokine changes. TE typically begins two to three months after infection and persists for up to six months. In some patients, androgenetic alopecia or alopecia areata are also worsened post-COVID. The study also explores the role of nutritional deficiencies, immune dysregulation, and medication side effects. Diagnostic tools such as trichoscopy, blood tests for micronutrient deficiencies, and scalp biopsies are reviewed. Treatments used include topical minoxidil, micronutrient supplements (zinc, vitamin D, biotin), and psychological support. Evidence from 20 peer-reviewed studies is summarized to determine patterns, causes, and best practices for managing this condition. This review aims to support dermatologists in understanding, diagnosing, and managing post-COVID hair fall effectively. It also highlights areas for future research, including long-term prognosis and the efficacy of therapeutic options.

Electrical and Structural Properties of Hg1Ba2Ca2Cu3O8+δ Superconductor Synthesized via Solid-State Reaction at Different Sintering Temperatures

2025-08-22T17:54:20+00:00

High-temperature superconducting samples of HgBa₂Ca₂Cu₃O_8+δ (Hg-1223) were synthesized via the solid-state reaction method and sintered at 800°C, 825°C, and 850°C to investigate the effect of sintering temperature on structural, microstructural, and superconducting properties. X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis confirmed the formation of the Hg-1223 phase in all samples, with varying phase purity and lattice parameters. The sample sintered at 800°C showed the presence of secondary phases and incomplete crystallization, while higher temperatures improved crystallinity but introduced minor secondary phases. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) at 5 μm magnification revealed progressive grain growth, enhanced connectivity, and reduced porosity with increasing sintering temperature, with the 850°C sample exhibiting the most compact and homogeneous microstructure. Electrical resistivity measurements demonstrated superconducting transitions with Tc(onset) ranging from 140.6 K to 149.7 K and T_c(offset) from 120 K to 129 K, with the transition width (ΔT_c) narrowing at intermediate temperatures, reflecting improved structural homogeneity and intergranular connectivity. The energy gap values remained approximately constant (~0.026–0.034 eV), confirming the presence of the superconducting phase. Overall, the solid-state reaction method effectively produces Hg-1223 superconductors, with the 850°C sample providing the optimal balance of phase formation, microstructural quality, and superconducting performance, suggesting its suitability for future high-temperature superconducting applications.

Role of miRNA122 in Patients with Chronic Hepatitis C Virus

2025-08-23T09:29:01+00:00

In this work, the gene expression of microRNAs 122 and 196 in people with chronic hepatitis C is examined. Patients in the virology and dialysis departments of Al-kindi Teaching Hospital in Baghdad and Al-imam Ali Teaching Hospital in Al-sadr City were randomly selected for both sexes and age groups from 2 January to 1 April 2023. Blood samples with 110 negative and 50 positive hepatitis C results. 50 blood samples were used in this study, 25 of which were from hepatitis C patients who had been diagnosed with a quick test and confirmed by an ELISA, and 25 came from healthy controls. miRNA-196 quantitative real-time PCR in hepatitis C patients and healthy individuals. There were 9 (36%), 4 (16%), and 9 (36%), with a patient age range of 33 to 65. There were 4 (16%) patients from rural regions and 21 (84%) individuals with chronic hepatitis C. The frequency distribution of patients based on the prevalence of some chronic diseases revealed that miRNA levels have an impact on them. Examples include diabetes, which affected 20% of patients as opposed to 16% of healthy individuals, chronic heart disease, which affected 16% of patients as opposed to 16% of healthy individuals, and adopted chronic blood pressure disease. Also accepted was hepatitis. 15% of patients abused alcohol, which is comparable to healthy people. Patients with low miRNA-122 levels and healthy controls Healthy controls had 1.60 0.86 mean levels compared to patients' 22.87 18.40 mean levels. Compared to healthy controls, patients had a level that was significantly greater (P 0.01). MiRNA-122 levels were 39.01 33.24 in HCV patients aged 50–59, compared to lower mean values (10.15 6.54) in those aged 40–49. HCV gender differences 122 miRNA levels The average values for men and women were 29,12 25,91 and 15,73 5,71, respectively. In HCV patients with diabetes, miRNA-122 levels were 58.48 41.40 and 13.97 5.81, respectively (P = 0.01). Levels of miRNA-122 and hypertension linked with HCV Its mean values were 16.03 18.06 in non-hypertensive people and 44.52 14.09 in persons with hypertension (P = 0.01). levels of miRNA-122 in ischemic heart disease caused by the HCV Individuals with and without ischemic heart disease had mean values of 49.89 12.34 and 17.72 27.24, respectively (P = 0.01). Significant (P = 0.01) miRNA-122 levels were found in HCV patients who misused alcohol to be 80.13 46.22 and 15.06 13.65, respectively.

Hematological and Biochemical Study in Children Infected with Entamoeba histolytica in Al Diwaniyah Province/Iraq

2025-08-23T15:58:55+00:00

Abstract: Intestinal parasitic infections, especially Entamoeba histolytica, are a serious public health problem worldwide, especially in developing countries, particularly Iraq. The current study aimed to estimate the correlation between E. histolytica infection in children and some hematological and biochemical parameters . Ninety clinically ill patients presented to the Women and Children's Hospital with contaminated diarrhea between September 2024 and March 2025. Patients' ages ranged from 5 to 13 years. Stool samples were collected from 90 individuals for direct microscopic examination . Stool samples were obtained from 90 participants for direct microscopic analysis. Out of these, 60 individuals were diagnosed with E. histolytica infection, while the remaining 30 healthy individuals formed the control group. Body mass index (BMI) and hematological markers, including erythrocytes, hemoglobin level, packed cell volume (PCV), white blood cell count (WBC), neutrophils, and lymphocytes, were assessed using a Sysmex analyzer. The results showed a significant decrease (P < 0.05) in body mass index (BMI) , the red blood cell (RBCs) , hemoglobin level, and packed cell volume (PCV) in patients diagnosed with an E. histolytica infection compared to the healthy control. The study revealed that patients infected with E. histolytica showed a marked increase (P<0.05) in total white blood cell (WBC) count, neutrophil count, and lymphocyte count when compared to the healthy group . Biochemical parameters, including C-reactive protein (CRP) and kidney function (urea and creatinine), were significantly elevated (P<0.05) in the E. histolytica infected group compared with the healthy control, In contrast , lipid profile, cholesterol, and triglyceride levels were significantly lower (P<0.05) in comparison to the healthy group. The study concluded that there is an correlation between E. histolytica infected and changes in hematological and biochemical parameters, leading to anemia and immune system disorders. The kidneys and liver are also affected, resulting in impaired lipid metabolism and digestion.

Perceived barriers and benefits of Intervention on Health Beliefs about Drugs of High School's Female Students

2025-08-23T16:31:55+00:00

This investigation sought to explore the effects of a belief-based intervention regarding health on the prevention of drugs in female students in Diwaniyah. Additionally, it sought to determine the association between preventative strategies for drugs and the demographic characteristics of female students, such as age, grade, economic status of the family, and atmosphere in the family. This research utilized a true experimental design and a randomized controlled trial methodology to determine if an intervention based on the health belief model would have an effect on the beliefs of addiction to drugs among high school students in Diwaniyah, CA between January 7th, 2025 and May 15th, 2025. The results demonstrated that the concept of health belief was different in the context of drug prevention. The study concluded that the health intervention via the health belief model had a positive impact on female students' health beliefs and emphasizes the need to prevent drug use. According to the study, further research based on the HBM should be conducted on a large segment of the Iraqi community in order to alter drug consumption..

Enhanced Antibacterial Activity of Artemisia vulgaris Ethanol Extract Using Chitosan-Coated Iron Oxide Nanoparticles Against Staphylococcus aureus and Klebsiella pneumoniae

2025-08-25T07:18:23+00:00

Medicinal plants, such as Artemisia vulgaris, have gained increasing attention in traditional and complementary medicine due to their rich content of bioactive phytochemicals with multi-target antioxidant and antimicrobial properties. In recent years, nanotechnology, particularly iron oxide nanoparticles (Fe₃O₄), has emerged as a promising tool to combat multidrug-resistant bacteria. Coating these nanoparticles with chitosan enhances their biostability and antimicrobial efficacy. This study aimed to evaluate the antibacterial activity of ethanol extract of A. vulgaris, Fe₃O₄ nanoparticles, and chitosan-coated Fe₃O₄ nanoparticles against Klebsiella pneumoniae and Staphylococcus aureus. The plant extract was prepared using a Soxhlet apparatus, nanoparticles were synthesized via the co-precipitation method, and chitosan coating was applied at various concentrations. Antibacterial activity was assessed using the disc diffusion method, while XRD, SEM, TEM, and Zeta analysis were employed for characterization. Results showed that the ethanol extract exhibited notable antibacterial activity, with inhibition zones ranging from 18–26 mm. Fe₃O₄ nanoparticles further improved inhibition, and chitosan coating led to a significant increase, reaching up to 35 mm for K. pneumoniae and 34 mm for S. aureus at the highest concentration. Microscopic analyses indicated that chitosan coating enhanced nanoparticle dispersion and prevented aggregation. These findings suggest that combining medicinal plant extracts with chitosan-coated iron oxide nanoparticles offers a promising approach for combating antibiotic-resistant bacteria, opening the way for potential applications in antimicrobial therapy.

Evaluation of The Relationship Between Atrial Fibrillation Patients and The Echocardiographic Findings of Iraqi Patients

2025-08-25T07:42:19+00:00

Atrial fibrillation (AF) is the most common sustained cardiac arrhythmia and is associated with significant morbidity and mortality, primarily due to thromboembolic events. This study aimed to evaluate the clinical and echocardiographic characteristics of patients with AF and to identify key structural predictors associated with disease progression and thromboembolic risk. A cross-sectional observational design was employed, including 120 patients diagnosed with AF at Iraqi hospitals between January 2024 and March 2025. Data collection included demographic information, clinical history, and echocardiographic parameters such as left atrial (LA) size, left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF), and valvular status. The cohort had a mean age of 65 ± 10 years with a male predominance of 65%. Hypertension and heart failure were the most common comorbidities, affecting 70% and 40% of patients, respectively. Echocardiographic assessment showed LA dilation in 62.5% of cases, which was significantly correlated with persistent and permanent AF (p<0.01). Reduced LVEF (≤50%) was observed in 35% of patients and was associated with longer AF duration (p<0.05). Atrial thrombi were detected in 10% of cases, with larger LA size (>45 mm) and reduced LVEF identified as significant predictors (p<0.01). Additionally, valvular abnormalities contributed to atrial structural remodeling and increased thromboembolic risk. These findings highlight the importance of echocardiographic assessment in predicting disease progression and guiding targeted management strategies for AF patients. Structural cardiac abnormalities, notably atrial dilation and ventricular dysfunction, are strongly associated with AF progression and thromboembolic risk.

Enhancing Democratic Participation with Biometric and Technology-Based Voting Systems

2025-08-27T16:32:22+00:00

Free elections are the most important part of democracy. People use elections to confirm their opinions and voices and choose someone whose ideas they agree with the most. Elections will let voters choose their representatives. The elections are not only to choose the winner, but also to give the winner credibility among voters who did not vote for them. This stresses the need of having free, fair, and secret elections. It means that independent, fair, and responsible electoral bodies are in charge of overseeing elections. The saying "today's teens, tomorrow's citizens" means that students should be involved with, trained for, and familiar with the election process. In this way, colleges and universities organize general elections for their student governments. This student will learn firsthand how to file nominations, check papers, withdraw, canvass, address, and, most importantly, vote. Voting with technology will be easier, more effective, and less likely to be hacked. Technology will make all votes safer and faster, making counting and automatic verification far more useful. It is hard to make a better voting system because there are so many important things that need to be done. It is important to keep the poll secret. There should be no way to tell which candidate obtains a certain vote in the voting mechanism. The authors used the Authenticated Voting Machine in the elections talked about in this work to make things easier and more open. The idea is still quite new. More study is needed to make it stable and theoretically sound. The model uses radio frequency and fingerprint recognition, as well as an OT-based system, to keep things safe.

Assessment of Health Awareness Concerning Hypertension among Visitors to Primary Health Care Centers

2025-09-20T14:32:22+00:00

High blood pressure is a major public health problem globally and locally and is a major risk factor for cardiovascular disease, kidney failure, and stroke. Raising health awareness among community members is a crucial step toward prevention and early detection of the disease. This study aims to assess the level of health awareness about hypertension among healthcare center visitors, identify their sources of information, and identify knowledge gaps. A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted on a randomly selected sample of health center visitors. Data were collected using a structured questionnaire that included demographic information (age, gender, educational level, marital status), in addition to questions measuring general knowledge of risk factors, symptoms, complications, prevention, and treatment methods. The results showed that the most representative group was middle-aged (30 to 50) years old and that the majority of participants were female. The most common educational level was secondary education, while most participants were married. Regarding the level of knowledge, it was found that more than a third of participants had good knowledge (37.6%), while the level of knowledge was average for 35.6% and weak for 25.7%. The results also showed that the Internet was the most relied-upon source of information (44.6%), while participants relied less on health personnel and traditional media. The results indicated a statistically significant relationship between each of these. Age and educational level Educational level was associated with knowledge level (p=0.014) (p<0.001), respectively However, gender did not show any significant relationship. These results indicate that older age and higher educational level are associated with better knowledge about hypertension. These results highlight the need for regular educational awareness programs in healthcare facilities to raise awareness about high blood pressure, with a particular focus on the least educated and most vulnerable groups.

Effect of Nitrogen Application and Foliar Spraying ascorbic acid on the Vegetative Growth of Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)

2025-08-28T14:40:51+00:00

A pot experiment was carried out in Al-Hur region in the season 2024-2025, for studying the effect of nitrogen fertilization, Foliar ascorbic acid spraying and its interactions on some vegetative growth characteristics for wheat plants (Triticum aestivum L., cv.);"> Abu Ghraib) which were grown in sandy loam soil. The trial consisted of three nitrogen (B) rates (0, 75, 100 kg N·ha⁻¹) applied in three split applications (post-emergence, three-leaf stage and at flowering). The second comprised three levels of ascorbic acid (A) concentration at 0, 250 and 500 mg·L⁻¹ applied by foliary spraying at two times: the thinning stage (four-leaf stage) and the elongation stage (eight-leaf stage). The experiment comprised 27 treatment combinations which were laid out in a CRD with three replications and subjected to statistical analysis. The key findings are: Effects of Nitrogen Fertilization: Nitrogen supply had a large effect on vegetative growth characters which were consistently increased with the level of nitrogen supply. Nitrogen at the highest level (100 kg N·ha⁻¹) produced the tallest plant height (52 cm) and the largest number of leaves (14.4 leaves·plant⁻¹). Effect of Ascorbic Acid Foliar Spraying: 1. Foliar spraying with ascorbic acid significantly affected certain vegetative traits at the highest concentration (500 mg·L⁻¹), resulting in increased plant height, number of tillers (4.2 tillers·plant⁻¹), and flag leaf area (374.1 cm²·plant⁻¹). 2. Interaction Effect (Nitrogen × Ascorbic Acid): The interaction between 500 mg·L⁻¹ ascorbic acid and 100 kg N·ha⁻¹ produced a highly significant effect on all vegetative traits, recording the highest values for plant height (57 cm), number of tillers (4.5 tillers·plant⁻¹), number of leaves (15.7 leaves·plant⁻¹), and flag leaf area (379.2 cm²·plant⁻¹). This combination was identified as the optimal treatment for enhancing vegetative growth.

Review Article: The Effect of Plant Extracts on Vegetative Growth and Plant Productivity

2025-09-03T08:22:53+00:00

Plant extracts have been recognized as natural sources for bioactive substances (phenols, flavonoids, terpenes, and alkaloids), which likely have serious potential to promote the vegetative growth of plants. Several investigations have reported that application of plant extracts can positively influence the increase of vegetative growth, the induction of photosynthetic activity and nutrient uptake, the drought tolerance and the replacement for use of chemical components, and the resistance to environmental stresses. For the purposes of this review, it is the use of plants oils and its implications on the growth of plants.

Investigation of PelA Gene Expression in Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Its Impact on Biofilm Formation

2025-08-31T11:14:28+00:00

Pseudomonas aeruginosa forms a biofilm extracellular matrix comprising proteins, lipid vesicles, nucleic acids, and exopolysaccharides that render it pathogenic and resistant to antimicrobial treatment. A total of 24 P. aeruginosa isolates, both meropenem-sensitive and meropenem-resistant, were tested in this work, and all of them exhibited biofilm production. Interestingly, meropenem treatment served to repress the expression of the PelA gene, an essential part of biofilm formation, to a significant degree. The results implicate that meropenem, when administered at minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs), is potentially reducing the virulence of P. aeruginosa, opening a window against bacterial resistance, in addition to lowering the requirement for high-dose antibiotic therapy and the risk of deleterious side effects.

Comparative Efficacy of Third and Fourth-Generation Cephalosporins against Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae Isolates from Recurrent Urinary Tract Infections in Al-Najaf Province

2025-09-03T12:53:57+00:00

Urinary Tract Infection (UTI) Urinary tract infections are among the most common infections worldwide. They are most often caused by bacteria entering the urethra from the skin or rectum. The most common bacterial causes of UTIs worldwide are Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae, and women and the elderly are most affected. In recent years, these two bacteria have become more resistant to traditional antibiotics due to the production of enzymes ESBL that make them difficult to treat. This study included two main axes, the first was the isolation of Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae from the urine of patients suffering from recurrent urinary tract infections, the second axis includes a study of the effect of the cephalosporin group commonly used in hospitals to treat urinary tract infections. Within the framework of this study, (31) isolates of Escherichia coli and (17) isolates of Klebsiella pneumoniae were isolated from a group of patients with recurrent urinary tract infections. After conducting a sensitivity test for the isolates in this study using a group of generations of Cephalosporin, which are widely used in hospitals, they showed high resistance to most generations. E. coli showed high resistance to ceftriaxone at a rate of 93.5%, followed by Cefepime 87.1%, Cefdinir 74.2%, Cefixime 64.5%. While Klebsiella pneumoniae gave higher resistance to cefixime 88%, followed by Cefdinir 87.5%, Ceftriaxone 87.5%, Cefepime 76.4%. Therefore, caution should be exercised when using these treatments excessively, especially in cases of recurrent infections and the use of alternative treatments to reduce resistance.

Analysis of Gallbladder Stones by X-ray Fluorescence

2025-09-05T00:41:20+00:00

Gallstone disease impacts millions globally. Over the decades modern techniques have been applied in laminar. Nevertheless, the fundamental cause of its formation has continued to be a topic of speculation. The current analysis of present sunshine utilizes various methods, including infrared. Through FTIR spectroscopy, we investigated the role of cholesterol, bilirubin, and calcium carbonate in gallstone formation within the gallbladder. Our experimental findings indicated that cholesterol, whether alone or in conjunction with bilirubin and calcium carbonate, is the predominant component of human gallstones and serves as the primary cause of gallstone formation. Gallstone samples were identified using WDXRF. Some of the interiors exhibited tones of pebbles in various colors, while the outer casing was brown and black. FTIR analyses are presented, along with WD-XRF analyses and other findings related to gallstone samples. This clearly demonstrates that calcium and copper constitute the salts of bilirubin's to a greater extent than the brown and black coloration of the central part of gallstones

Design and Implementation of an Arduino-Powered CPR Feedback Device

2025-09-20T14:10:28+00:00

This research examines Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation (CPR), a critical life-saving technique that can greatly enhance an individual's likelihood of survival after experiencing a cardiac arrest. The success of CPR procedures is largely contingent upon the proficiency of the person administering aid. Delivering chest compressions at the correct depth and rate, while ensuring complete chest recoil and minimizing interruptions, is essential for improving survival rates during a cardiac arrest. The absence of effective CPR training models in developing nations significantly affects the training and development of CPR skills. Consequently, this paper seeks to enhance CPR training by creating a high-fidelity CPR training manikin. This model features a feedback mechanism that monitors CPR performance, facilitating effective practice and rehearsal until the requisite CPR skills are mastered. A comprehensive review of current training systems was performed to guarantee the appropriate design of the proposed system. The testing outcomes indicate that the developed manikin prototype evaluates the quality of CPR performance and offers suitable feedback to the trainee. This model can be employed to instruct medical students and other healthcare professionals in the proper execution of CPR.

Serological and Molecular Phylogeny of Toxoplasma gondii in Asymptomatic Pregnant Women, and Association to MTHFR-C677T gene Polymorphism in Wasit Province, Iraq

2025-09-05T01:43:06+00:00

Toxoplasma gondii is an obligate intracellular parasite infects a wide range of warm-blooded animals as well as humans causing typically asymptomatic infection with severe life-threatening complications in patients. Serological and molecular surveying of human toxoplasmosis in asymptomatic pregnant women, sequencing and phylogenetic analysis of study T. gondii isolates and identification the associations of MTHFR-C677T gene polymorphism to positive infections. Overall 190 asymptomatic pregnant women admitted to the private gynecological clinics in Wasit province (Iraq) during March-April (2025) were selected randomly, and subjected to direct collection of venous blood that examined serologically by qualitative ELISA and molecularly using the conventional PCR. Phylogenetic analysis was done throughout the MEGA-11 Software; whereas, the quantitative and qualitative molecular analyses were served for MTHFR-C677T C>T rs1801133 genotyping. Seroprevalence of T. gondii infection in asymptomatic women was 37.89% with significant incidence of mild infection compared to moderate and severe infections. Molecular PCR demonstrated that 11.05% of study women have a positive reactivity to human toxoplasmosis. Phylogenetically, 17 of 21 study isolates were having a marked identity to local isolate obtained from cats; while, 4 of 21 study isolates were identical for another local isolate obtained from birds. For MTHFR-C677T gene polymorphism, Hardy Weinberg equilibrium demonstrated that the frequency of dominant wild type homozygous CC and mutant homozygous TT was increased significantly in infected women more than expected. However, genotypic frequency of mutant homozygous TT and heterozygous CT was higher in infected women than non-infected women; whereas for allele frequency, the mutant T allele was higher in infected than non-infected women. This study indicates serologically a marked high seroprevalence of anti-T. gondii IgG antibodies, particularly mild phase; and molecularly, an existence of mutant acute human toxoplasmosis. Phylogenetically, the study isolates have a significant identity to another Iraqi isolates identified in cat and bird suggesting the role of these hosts in transmission of infection and the isolate might circulate between different hosts including human. Genetic and allele frequencies of MTHFR-C766T gene demonstrate a significant trend to T. gondii infection.

The Properties of Ternary Alloys Protectors Pb-Cu-Te for a Neutral Low Ionization Radiation

2025-09-05T02:11:57+00:00

The purpose of present research work is evaluation the gamma-ray interactions with five lead-based alloys. The samples were defined with high lead (Pb) content (>99.8%) and doped with trace amounts of copper (Cu) and tellurium (Te). The key shielding parameters were calculated through gamma photon energy ranged (0.05953–1.332)MeV using three computational tools: XCOM, NGCal, and Py-MILBUF. The programs showed excellent agreement, confirming the reliability of the data, with a slight discrepancy in Py-MILBUF at 0.08099 MeV near the K-edge of lead. All parameters, including mass attenuation coefficient (MAC), molecular cross-section (σ_t.m), and electronic cross-section (σ_ele), strongly depended on photon energy, decreasing sharply as energy increased—reflecting a shift from the Photoelectric Effect to Compton Scattering. Sample S3, with the highest lead content (99.93%), exhibited superior shielding, recording the highest MAC, an effective atomic number (Z_eff = 81.974), and the shortest mean free path (MFP), making it the most efficient shield. Conversely, sample S4, with the lowest lead and highest copper content, showed the weakest shielding. The findings confirm that small compositional changes in lead-based alloys significantly affect shielding performance, with higher lead fractions being critical. These results provide a strong basis for developing advanced shielding materials for nuclear and medical applications.

Effectiveness of Ulinastatin in Combination with Amino Acid Solutions in Patients with Sepsis

2025-09-07T03:51:21+00:00

Sepsis remains one of the leading causes of mortality in intensive care units, particularly in obstetric pathology. Despite advances in modern treatment methods, mortality rates remain high due to the complex pathogenesis of sepsis. The systemic inflammatory response, characterized by excessive production of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as IL-6 and TNF-α, plays a central role in the development of multiple organ dysfunction. Ulinastatin, a protease inhibitor with pronounced anti-inflammatory and organ-protective properties, has shown promise in modulating the inflammatory cascade. At the same time, specialized amino acid solutions provide metabolic support, improve nitrogen balance, and restore immune function. The combined use of ulinastatin and amino acid solutions may represent a synergistic therapeutic strategy. This study evaluates the clinical efficacy of this combination in patients with sepsis based on cytokine dynamics, organ dysfunction (SOFA score), and mortality outcomes.

Application of Specialized Amino Acid Solutions in Intensive Care Therapy of Sepsis

2025-09-07T03:58:00+00:00

Sepsis remains one of the leading causes of mortality in intensive care units. Metabolic disorders, protein catabolism, and deficiency of certain amino acids worsen the course of the disease. In recent years, the role of specialized amino acid solutions aimed at correcting metabolic disturbances and modulating the immune response has been actively studied. The most important amino acids are glutamine, arginine, cysteine, ornithine, and taurine, which have pronounced antioxidant, immunomodulatory, and endothelioprotective properties. This review summarizes current data on the use of amino acid solutions in intensive care therapy of sepsis, their impact on outcomes, and perspectives for further use.

Sugar Composition of Apricot Fruit Oligosaccharides

2025-09-08T08:50:12+00:00

Apricot pomace, a byproduct of fruit processing, is a rich source of pectin-derived oligosaccharides (POS) with potential applications in functional foods and nutraceuticals. This study aimed to characterize the sugar composition of POS fractions from apricot pomace using hydrolysis-extraction by high-performance liquid chromatography with refractive index detection (HPLC-RI). The analysis revealed that glucose (31–39%) and arabinose (24–37%) were the dominant sugars in all fractions, followed by maltose (16–20%) and sucrose (6–15%), with trace amounts of galactose and rhamnose detected in specific fractions. The highest yield of POS (12.7%) was obtained in the fraction isolated through membrane filtration. Compared to other fruit-derived POS, apricot POS exhibited a unique sugar profile dominated by arabinose, suggesting significant prebiotic potential. These findings highlight the value of apricot pomace as a sustainable source of bioactive compounds and provide a basis for further research into its structural and functional properties.

Spectrophotometric Determination of Phenylephrine Hydrochloride in Pharmaceutical Formulations Using an Oxidative Coupling Reaction

2025-09-08T23:56:39+00:00

This study presents a simple and accurate analytical method for the quantitative determination of selected decongestants and cough suppressants, specifically phenylephrine hydrochloride, in both pure form and pharmaceutical formulations. The method is based on an oxidative coupling reaction with p-aminophenol using potassium iodate as an oxidizing agent in a hydrochloric acid medium. Key experimental parameters including reagent concentrations, acid strength, temperature, reaction time, and stability were thoroughly investigated and optimized. The developed method demonstrated excellent linearity in the range of 5–50 µg/mL at a wavelength of 548 nm, with high precision, accuracy, and sensitivity evidenced by a low limit of detection (LOD) of 0.1207 µg/mL and a limit of quantitation (LOQ) of 0.3659 µg/mL . Successful application to a commercial syrup formulation yielded high recovery percentages, confirming the method's accuracy and revealing no significant interference from common excipients. Consequently, this proposed method is straightforward, cost-effective, and highly suitable for routine quality control analysis in pharmaceutical laboratories.

Detoxification of Organophosphorus Compounds (OPs) by Bacillus megaterium in Agricultural Water Waste

2025-09-11T14:59:26+00:00

Organophosphorus compounds (OPs) are a large family of synthetic pesticides commonly used in modern agriculture because of their insecticidal activity. Unfortunately, their repeated and often non-selective use has caused considerable environmental pollution (i.e., in soils and waterways) and massive impacts on non-target organisms (including people). OPs are neurotoxic compounds whose toxicology is primarily a result of the inhibition of acetylcholinesterase, and their environmental persistence through agricultural runoff may lead to long-term ecotoxicological effects. Therefore, there is an urgent need for effective, sustainable, and environmentally friendly methods for removing these compounds from polluted environments. The objective of this study was to examine the potential of Bacillus megaterium, a robust and metabolically diverse Gram-positive bacterium, to detoxify organophosphorus compounds in simulated agricultural wastewater under controlled laboratory conditions. The bacterium was isolated using HiCrome Bacillus Agar, a selective and differential medium that promotes the growth of Bacillus species and identifies these species based on pigmentation of their colonies. Biochemical tests (gram staining, catalase, urease, methyl red, and indole tests) confirmed that the isolate was Bacillus megaterium. There were bioremediation experiments using Nutrient Broth and OP concentrations of (50-80 ppm) were provided in the experiments with incubation in a rotary shaker at 100 rpm for various time periods (24-90 hours). To assess the detoxification efficiency, three indicators were measured: the activity of the phosphotriesterase enzyme (a major hydrolase that catalyzes OP degradation) spectrophotometrically, bacterial viability in CFU/mL, and the percentage degradation rate of the compound. The mean detoxification efficiency was, on average, 70% maximum at the 70 ppm concentration, now, 90 hours after the detoxification assay, the particular enzyme activity, phosphotriesterases activity; was increased to 1.543 OD and the count of the amount of bacteria were 9×10⁹ CFU/mL. Optimization studies also indicated that biodegradation was very dependant on the environmental factors, and that the percentages of biodegradation were highest for pH 4 (72% degradation), or at 40°C (79% degradation), or when using peptone water as the nitrogen source (87% degradation). In general the studies provided strength in showing the ecological uniqueness, optimal environmental degradation properties of Bacillus megaterium. The metabolic substrate specificity study was unique in that it showed a high level of enzymatic activity, while Bacillus megaterium continued to grow in the presence of organophosphates (CFU -count 9×10⁹ CFU/mL), and it is here that our study suggested that this strain induced a suitable metabolic detoxification pathway, based on phosphotriesterases enzymes. The studies violent out the potential for Bacillus megaterium as a competent organism for bioremediation of pesticide-contaminated water, in as much as it is biological, post-natural and relatively inexpensive ways to remediate agricultural contamination.

Design and Fabrication of Uv Sterilization Equipment with Idle Laboratory Metal Cabinet

2025-09-14T00:49:50+00:00

Sterilization is crucial in healthcare environments to avert the spread of infections and to guarantee patient safety. Ultraviolet (UV) sterilization has surfaced as an effective technique due to its capability to eradicate microorganisms without compromising the properties of materials. In this study, we propose the design and production of a UV sterilization device specifically designed for medical instruments. Prioritizing user safety, the device integrates several safety features to reduce potential hazards. Different components and elements within the device fulfill various roles to enhance the sterilization process. Through thorough testing, we will assess the effectiveness of the device in sterilizing medical instruments. Moreover, evaluations will be conducted to measure the sterilization efficiency of the device on medical instruments. Through this research, we aspire to contribute to the progress of sterilization technologies in healthcare, ultimately improving patient care and safety.

The Anti-Bacterial Activity of Resveratrol Against a Group of Gram-Negative and Gram-Positive Bacteria

2025-09-15T15:38:48+00:00

Resveratrol, a polyphenolic compound abundantly present in grape skins and seeds, is recognized for its antioxidant and antibacterial properties. Its capacity to inhibit microbial growth and interfere with essential cellular processes has made it a subject of increasing interest as a natural antimicrobial candidate. The study aimed to evaluate the antibacterial activity of grape-derived resveratrol against selected Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacterial species at different concentrations. Four bacterial species were tested: two Gram-positive (Bacillus subtilis and Staphylococcus aureus) and two Gram-negative (Escherichia coli and Salmonella typhimurium). Resveratrol solutions were prepared at concentrations of 25, 50, and 75 mg/ml. The antibacterial activity was assessed using the well-diffusion method on Mueller-Hinton Agar. Bacterial suspensions were standardized according to the McFarland method and incubated at 37 °C for 24 hours. Inhibition zone diameters were then measured. Resveratrol exhibited inhibitory effects against all tested bacterial strains, with varying levels of sensitivity. Bacillus subtilis showed the highest susceptibility (35 mm at 75 mg/ml), followed by Staphylococcus aureus (28 mm) and Escherichia coli (25.5 mm), while Salmonella typhimurium displayed the lowest sensitivity. Overall, resveratrol was more effective against Gram-positive bacteria than Gram-negative, likely due to the structural complexity of the Gram-negative cell wall and outer membrane, which restrict compound penetration.

Study the Antibacterial activity and Immunomodulatory Effect of Aqueous Commiphora myrrh Leaves Extract in vivo

2025-09-15T18:47:42+00:00

Commiphora myrrh demonstrated antibacterial efficacy against microorganisms. Myrrh stimulates the activation/maturation and differentiation of both (myeloid and lymphoid) cell types of WBCs during wound healing of caused stomach and skin injuries, and it has significant anti-inflammatory, analgesic, and anti-hyperlipidemia efficiency. The aim of this study is to investigate the antibacterial activity and immunomodulatory effect of aqueous C. myrrha extract. Pseudomonas aeruginosa was collected from the Microbiology Laboratory/College of Health and Medical Technology/Sawa University. C myrrh leaves were bought from the Iraqi market and dried for extraction. Concentrations of 25, 50, 75, and 100 mg/ml were created. The experimental design included two parts, in vitro and in vivo. The in vitro investigation estimated the antibacterial activity using the agar diffusion method and in vivo study was Included four groups. Group I (Control) received daily intraperitoneal injections of normal saline. Group II received intraperitoneal injections of 1.5 x 108 CFU/ml of P. aeruginosa. Group III received oral administration of 100 mg/ml extract. Group IV received intraperitoneal injections of 1.5 x 108 CFU/ml of P. aeruginosa followed by oral administration of 100 mg/ml extract for 14 days. then notice the clinical signs of each group followed by estimation , TLR-2 , IL-17 , IL 10 , arthus reaction and delayed hypersensitivity. The extract demonstrated strong antibacterial activity against the tested isolates. The maximum activity was seen at a dose of 100 mg/ml, producing an inhibition zone of 1.6 ± 0.01. The animals in group IV had the highest TLR-2, IL-17, and IL-10 levels with a significant difference (p≤ 0.05).The arthus test and DHT results showed that the group that received a mixture of extract and P. aeurginosa had significantly greater values than the other group (p < 0.05). C. myrrh aqueous extract leaves has immunomodulatory effect on the immune response ,innate immunity and acquired immunity as well as it showed the antibacterial activity in vitro .

Studying the Effect of Pharmaceutical Nanoparticles on Targeting Inflamed Tissues: A Pharmacokinetic and Dynamic Analysis

2025-09-15T18:52:08+00:00

This review seeks to mechanistically analyze the effects of medicinal nanoparticles on specific infected tissues, including comprehensive pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic assessments. Nanoparticle technology is one of the new trends in drug delivery that has shown promise for improving targeted medication transport to educational settings, even if it doesn't work as well as planned dosages and side effects from standard dosage forms. These have focused on medication delivery systems based on nanoparticles—passive targeting via the inherent features of malignant tissues and active targeting by modifying the surface area of nanoparticles with particular antibodies or particles.The research is based on gold standard animal models exhibiting inflammatory disorders such as rheumatoid arthritis and inflammatory bowel diseases, since they are rigorously examined using conventional methodologies to assess the efficacy of drug-loaded nanoparticles in inflammatory states. In fact, pharmacokinetic analysis is used to keep track of where the nanoparticles go and how they move about in the body. On the other hand, pharmacodynamic studies look at how drug-loaded nanoparticles can help reduce inflammation and improve treatment at the site of delivery.Results are anticipated to provide significant insights into the processes facilitating the inflammatory niche-specific localization of nanoparticles to diseased tissue, hence allowing targeted intervention in inflamed tissue with enhanced safety and a possibly expanded therapeutic window. This narrative review examines the use of nanotechnology in clinical endeavors, providing a scientific foundation for the improvement of existing therapeutic strategies for chronic inflammatory diseases. Real-Life Uses: This discovery is bringing us closer to huge new areas of nanomedicine and drug delivery technologies.

Beyond Biopsy: Could Nrf2 and microRNA-222 Redefine Thyroid Nodule Diagnosis?

2025-09-17T02:31:56+00:00

Thyroid nodules are common and present a diagnostic challenge. Fine-needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) is frequently used but may yield indeterminate results. Molecular biomarkers such as Nuclear factor erythroid 2–related factor 2 (Nrf2) and microRNA 222 (miR 222) have emerged as promising tools to improve diagnostic accuracy. A case-control study was conducted on 87 subjects: 16 patients with papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC), 39 patients with benign thyroid disorders, and 32 healthy controls. The study was conducted at Safeer Al-Imam Al-Hussain (A.S) Surgical Hospital and Al-Kafeel Superspeciality Hospital in Kerbala city.Serum Nrf2 levels were measured using ELISA, while miR 222 expression was analyzed using RT-PCR. Fold change (FC) of miR 222 showed the highest sensitivity (96.88%) and NPV (83.33%) in detecting simple nodules, with an AUC of 0.650. Ct miR 222 demonstrated the highest specificity (83.33%) and PPV (89.47%), making it useful as a confirmatory marker. Nrf2 exhibited poor diagnostic performance (AUC = 0.480). In multinodular cases, both Nrf2 and FC miR 222 showed fair discrimination ability (AUCs ≈ 0.636–0.637). The study confirms the high prevalence of multifocal benign nodularity in PTC patients (61.8%). Overall, the modest AUC values for all markers suggest that no single biomarker is sufficient for definitive diagnosis of thyroid nodules. The choice of biomarker depends on clinical objectives: FC microRNA-222 for maximizing detection (screening) and Ct.microRNA-222 (for simple nodules) or Nrf2 (for multi-nodules) for confirming diagnoses and minimizing false positives. Future research should focus on combining these biomarkers into panels to improve diagnostic accuracy.

A Study on Microwave Preparation and Stability of Some Organic Reagent Derivatives of 2- (2,3 Dimethyl Phenylamino) Benzoic Acid in Light and Darkness

2025-09-20T10:11:19+00:00

Microwave-assisted chemistry has attracted much interest as a new tool in green chemistry with regard to its efficiency, energy saving, and environmental friendliness. Separating the present invention is known to increase the speed of organic synthesis, providing tremendous benefits over the old-fashioned techniques. The use of microwave irradiation as an alternative to classical heating methods for the synthesis of organic derivatives has received increasing attention in particular the synthesis of substituted and derivatives of 2-(2,3 dimethyl phenylamino) benzoic acid which are important for their pharmaceutical applications due to a wide range of biological activity. Microwave-assisted synthesis has been demonstrated to be an efficient method for improving the reaction process, however, the stability of these compounds in different conditions, especially under light and dark, have not yet been investigated. Moreover, this gap in knowledge restricts the generalisation of these methods to industrial processes. Abstract: In this study, we derive organic reagents from 2-(2,3 dimethyl phenylamino) benzoic acid under microwave radiation which are both stable in solution and high performing over a range of environmental conditions. The compounds were synthesized from the solvents free, green method, and then characterization was done using UV-Vis, IR, and NMR spectroscopy. Reagent stability was also evaluated, demonstrating a high stability of reagents in the light and dark with some compounds exhibiting increased stability from the effect of a blocking group. It fills important informational gaps in the literature and provides new details on the stability and environmental behavior of organic reagents that are synthesized by microwave. The results highlight microwave-assisted methods as effective, scalable synthetic techniques for generating organic compounds that are thermally stable and produced in high yields, with important implications for sustainable chemical processes in research and industry.

Prevalence of Enteric Protozoan Parasites in Patients Visiting Al-Maimouna General Hospital based in Al-Maimouna District, Misan Governorate, Iraq

2025-09-24T05:11:27+00:00

The purpose of this research paper was to assess the prevalence and incidence of intestinal infections among patients attending Al-Maymouna General Hospital in Al-Maymouna District, Misan Governorate, southern Iraq, during the first half of 2025, from January 2, 2025 to June 2, 2025. This study was conducted on 284 patients attending the hospital. After the stool samples collected from the consulting clinic arrived at the laboratory room, they were examined by preparing a slide of wet stool to diagnose the vegetative stage (trophozoite of parasites) for both Amoeba histolytica and Giardia lamblia. Ages were defined as less than 1 year and greater than 65 years. Of the 284 stool samples collected, 105 (36.97%) tested positive for intestinal parasites, as follows 88 (83.80%) were confirmed and diagnosed with E. histolytica, and 17 (16.20%) patients tested positive for G. lamblia. The study results indicated that there were no significant differences in the prevalence of intestinal parasite infections (E. histolytica) and (G. lamblia) between age groups at a significance level of P ≤ 0.05. The Peak prevalence of parasites of gastrointestinal tract (Entamoeba histolytica) and (Giardia lamblia) was recorded within the 1-5 year age group, with 28 (31.82%) and 9 (52.94%), respectively. Through research, I found that infections with intestinal amoebiasis are more common than giardiasis. Diseases and many other public health problems remain challenging, requiring more and more effective treatments.

Study of Physical - Mental Development of Children of the First Year of Life, Born With A Very Low and Extremely Low Body Weight

2025-09-26T03:56:18+00:00

To study the state of physical and mental development of children of the first year of life born with very low and extremely low body weight. The study included 75 children with body weight at birth from 560 to 1500 g. The gestational age was 24-32 weeks. Depending on body weight at birth, the children were divided into 2 groups. Group 1 included children with a birth weight of up to 1000 g, Group 2 - with a birth weight of 1001 to 1500 g. The results of the study showed that mothers of premature infants showed a high frequency of somatic, gynecological diseases, pathologies of pregnancy and childbirth, which contributed to the development of placental insufficiency and miscarriage. Average indicators of physical development of premature infants at birth corresponded to gestational age. In dynamics, by the end of the neonatal period, indicators of physical development in all groups were significantly lower than in healthy newborn children.

Advanced IoT-Based Smart Medicine Box Using Patients' Biometric Data

2025-09-29T02:56:18+00:00

There are also smart computer programs in the system that can determine when anything isn't right. When it encounters something unusual, it recommends the appropriate medicine based on established guidelines. This makes it easier for people to get health information quickly and can help them take better care of their health. The Smart Medical Box also features a mechanism to transmit messages using GSM (Global System for Mobile Communications) when someone is running low on medication. This implies that patients will know when they need more medicine and can acquire it before they run out. The Smart Medical Box is a comprehensive solution for monitoring your health and managing medications at home. It accomplishes this by utilising specialised sensors and intelligent applications. This approach empowers people to take charge of their health, enabling them to make informed choices about their well-being. The Smart Medicine Box utilises several biometric sensors, including fingerprint scanners and facial recognition, to identify each patient and ensure their medication is safe. It features a user-friendly interface for setting up medication schedules and receiving reminders about when to take your medicine, as well as the status of your medication box. This system utilises IoT connectivity to link to a central server or cloud-based platform, allowing you to monitor patient medication adherence in real-time. In general, the IoT-based smart medicine box is a valuable tool for enhancing patient care, promoting medication adherence, and improving overall health outcomes. Biometric verification and other sensors collect data that is used to track how the patient interacts with the medicine box. This provides healthcare providers with valuable insights into how patients behave and follow instructions.

The Crosstalk Between Microbial-Derived Extracellular Vesicles and Host Immune Checkpoints: A Molecular Perspective on Chronic Inflammation and Immune Evasion

2025-09-29T11:47:43+00:00

Bacterial extracellular vesicles (EVs) are increasingly recognized as major regulators at the dynamic host-microbiota interface. Nanosized vesicles that were originally considered as cellular debris are now appreciated for their powerful regulatory function and the variety of bioactive molecules (proteins, nucleic acids, lipids, and metabolites) that modulate immune responses included within them. In this review, we dissect the complex interplay between microbial EVs and immune checkpoint players, such as PD-1/PD-L1, CTLA-4, TIM-3, and LAG-3, which are crucial to preserve immune tolerance but can be hijacked during chronic inflammation, infection, or cancer.

This review introduces the biology and biogenesis of microbial EVs and the architecture and specific function of canonical immune checkpoints. It also explores how microbial EVs may upregulate checkpoint ligands, increase regulatory T cells, suppress cytotoxicity, and modulate dendritic cell function, underscoring their dual function in immune suppression and homeostasis. In chronic infectious diseases such as tuberculosis and H. pylori or immunological-based diseases such as IBD and cancer, microbial EVs are instrumental in immune evasion and in disease development.

From a therapeutic standpoint, microbial EVs constitute another exciting frontier: they can be engineered for immune modulation, small molecule delivery or vaccine formulations. Furthermore, the detection of these in biofluids, make them potential diagnostic as non-invasive biomarkers of immune dysregulation. Although there have been exciting progresses, barriers remain in the standardization of EV isolation, as well as in larger definition of the context-dependent effects. Ultimately, characterisation of EV–immune checkpoint axis might revolutionise strategies for treatment of chronic inflammation, chronic infections and immune mediated diseases.

Advanced IoT-Based Smart Medicine Box Using Patients Biometric Data

2025-10-01T11:41:14+00:00

An IoT-Based Intravenous Fluid Measuring Device Using ESP32 and Ultrasonic Sensor

2025-10-02T22:17:11+00:00

Intravenous (IV) therapy plays a critical role in modern healthcare by enabling the direct delivery of fluids and medications into the bloodstream. Accurate monitoring of IV fluid levels is essential to ensure patient safety and prevent under- or over-dosing. This research presents the design and implementation of an IoT-based IV fluid measuring device that integrates an ultrasonic sensor, ESP32 microcontroller, LCD display, and relay module, connected to the Ubidots IoT platform. The system enables real-time monitoring of fluid levels, remote data visualization, and automated control of the infusion process. The experimental results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed device in accurately measuring fluid levels and transmitting the data to a cloud platform for continuous observation. This work provides a cost-effective, reliable, and scalable solution for enhancing patient safety in healthcare settings.

Arthrocentesis of Temporomandibular Joint Techniques: Literature Review

2025-10-03T02:57:08+00:00

Temporomandibular disorders (TMD) affect the masticatory system, causing pain, limited mouth opening, and negatively impacting daily activities and quality of life. Conservative treatments are commonly used, but when ineffective, minimally invasive procedures like arthrocentesis are considered. This technique, first introduced in 1987, involves the washing of the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) space to reduce inflammatory mediators and release adhesions, distinguishing it from arthroscopic methods. Over the years, variations in technique, including single-needle and double-needle methods, have been developed, along with advancements in imaging technologies like ultrasonography and cone beam computed tomography. Studies show that arthrocentesis is highly effective in treating conditions such as anterior disc displacement and internal derangements, with pain relief and improved mouth opening achieved in many cases. It has also been applied successfully to manage disc adhesions, synovitis, and osteoarthritis, often providing long-term relief. Arthrocentesis is considered a first-line surgical treatment for TMD, offering an effective, low-complication, and cost-efficient solution. This review underscores the significance of arthrocentesis as a valuable option for patients not responding to conservative treatment.

Beyond Hormones: Metabolic and Environmental Drivers (Kallistatin, Zearalenone) in Menstrual Regularity of Polycystic Ovary Syndrome

2025-10-03T03:04:00+00:00

Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS) is a heterogeneous endocrine disorder with diverse clinical manifestations, including menstrual irregularity. While its hormonal and metabolic aspects are well-studied, the combined effects of endogenous protective proteins like Kallistatin and environmental endocrine disruptors such as Zearalenone (ZEN) on menstrual regularity remain poorly understood. A cross-sectional study was conducted on 98 women diagnosed with PCOS using the Rotterdam criteria. Participants were classified into regular and irregular menstrual cycle groups based on clinical history. Serum levels of reproductive hormones, metabolic indices, Kallistatin, and ZEN were measured and compared between the groups. A p-value <0.05 was considered statistically significant. Women with irregular menstrual cycles exhibited more severe hormonal and metabolic disturbances. They had higher median testosterone (61 vs. 45 ng/dL) and lower SHBG levels (29 vs. 43 nmol/L). Metabolic indices also showed marked differences, with higher Visceral Adiposity Index (VAI: 4.2 vs. 2.4) and Lipid Accumulation Product (LAP: 119 vs. 94) in the irregular group. Notably, this group demonstrated significantly lower median Kallistatin levels (19 vs. 111 ng/mL) and higher ZEN levels (6.0 vs. 4.9 ng/L) compared to the regular-cycle group. The findings support the hypothesis that lower Kallistatin and elevated ZEN levels contribute to reproductive and metabolic dysfunction in PCOS.

Early Detection of Renal Injury and Individualized Treatment Strategies in Chronic Heart Failure

2025-10-03T16:08:42+00:00

Chronic heart failure (CHF) accompanied by renal dysfunction represents one of the most complex and high-risk conditions in clinical practice. The presence of kidney impairment not only worsens the prognosis but also limits the use of life-saving medications, creating a delicate balance between maintaining cardiac stability and protecting renal function. In this study, 129 patients with CHF were observed, including groups with and without renal dysfunction, alongside a healthy control group. The aim was to evaluate the clinical course, treatment tolerance, and biomarker profiles in order to identify early diagnostic criteria and optimise therapeutic strategies. The findings revealed that patients with renal dysfunction consistently exhibited poorer exercise tolerance, higher NYHA functional class, and markedly elevated levels of NGAL, KIM-1, and cystatin C compared to those with preserved kidney function. Conventional therapies such as ACE inhibitors, ARBs, and MRAs remained effective but required frequent adjustments due to hyperkalemia or worsening renal indices. Diuretic modifications were especially common, underscoring the challenges of balancing congestion relief with renal safety. Importantly, the introduction of SGLT2 inhibitors was associated with improvements in functional capacity and reductions in biomarker burden, demonstrating a protective effect that addressed both cardiac and renal pathways. These results suggest that early recognition of renal injury through biomarker monitoring, combined with careful treatment adjustments, can improve management in CHF patients. The study underscores the need for individualised therapeutic strategies that integrate modern pharmacological options with precise monitoring, ultimately preserving both cardiac performance and kidney function.

The Role of Cognitive Behavioural Therapy (CBT) in Treating Anxiety Disorders: Effectiveness and Future Directions

2025-10-04T02:26:20+00:00

Anxiety disorders are among the most widespread mental health conditions worldwide, affecting millions and profoundly influencing individuals’ daily lives, relationships, and overall functioning. Cognitive Behavioural Therapy (CBT) has emerged as a highly effective, evidence-based treatment that helps individuals identify and change unhelpful thought patterns and behaviours that fuel anxiety. This review examines the effectiveness of CBT across various anxiety disorders, including generalised anxiety disorder, social anxiety disorder, panic disorder, and specific phobias, while also exploring new approaches to increase its accessibility and impact. Research consistently shows that CBT not only reduces both cognitive and behavioural symptoms but also fosters long-lasting improvements, often outperforming other therapeutic methods in maintaining progress over time. Nevertheless, challenges such as patient dropout, the need for culturally sensitive adaptations, and limited access for some populations continue to restrict its reach. Innovations such as online platforms, digital CBT programs, and blended therapy models have demonstrated potential to overcome these barriers, improving engagement and making therapy more widely available. Furthermore, combining CBT with complementary approaches like mindfulness techniques or pharmacological support has shown promise in enhancing outcomes for more complex cases. Overall, CBT remains a versatile and effective approach to managing anxiety, and future developments focusing on personalisation, technology integration, and cultural adaptation are likely to further strengthen its effectiveness and global accessibility.

Improvement of Artificial Limb Cup to Investigate Loads by Using Load Sensors

2025-10-06T17:51:31+00:00

The construction, adaptation and lifelong treatment of amputee's artificial limbs are particularly difficult tasks in the field of rehabilitation medicine. Traditional approaches rely on static clinical measurements and subjective patient feedback, which results in the collection of severely inadequate data for dynamic loads and socket interface pressures during daily use. This lack of periodic monitoring often leads to poor socket fit, gait asymmetry, skin breakdown and patient discomfort - conditions that can sometimes go unheeded until there is a need for clinical intervention. It is common for prosthetic device delivery to end post-manufacture and without patients' providers having integrated systems that provide feedback on the prosthesis performance once it has been issued. To address this engineering gap, the present study presents the design, development, and initial testing of a novel sensor-based monitoring system for prosthetic sockets. The novelty is in the intentional incorporation of a network hydrostatic high-definition thin-film load cell / pressure sensor, under either the liner or wall of pylon.None! This system is developed to investigate and measure pressures and shearing forces between limb-socket during “everyday” activities: walking, climbing stairs, standing. The information collected by such sensors is processed using an onboard microcontroller and wirelessly sent to a clinician interface for analysis. The primary goal of this work is to transition prosthetic modeling away from being observation-oriented and static, into a dynamic data-based process. Serving as a data basis for load distribution, and gait symmetric, this apparatus makes it possible to diagnose fitting errors and running abnormalities lucidly. Such knowledge enables prompt adjustments of socket design and alignment that may prove instrumental in preventing secondary health concerns. In addition, this data can inform personalized physical rehabilitation protocols. Adoption of this monitoring option is a major advancement in the field of prosthetics, with expected positive impact including increased patient comfort, improved functionality and reduced long-term healthcare costs based on outcomes-driven clinical decision making.

The Gastrointestinal Manifestations in Patients with COVID-19 and their Clinical Correlates in An Adult Iraqi Population Sample

2025-10-09T10:36:44+00:00

The gastrointestinal system is one of the many organs in the body that have been affected by the new viral illness known as coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). To find out the GIT symptoms are into patients with Covid-19 and how they correspond with the severity of the illness. At the Al-Shifaa facility, 172 patients infected with COVID-19 participated in our study. A clinical examination, laboratory tests (CRP, D.Dimer, and serum ferritin), a chest CT scan, and a medical history were performed on each patient. The severity of the illness and other factors were taken into consideration while evaluating the gastrointestinal symptoms. Data collection from 172 patients, 91 patients infected with COVID-19 infection, 91 patients (52.9%) had GIT manifestation, while 81 patients (47.1%) had without GIT manifestation. According to the severity 117 patients had severe infection of them 60 patients (51.3%) had GIT manifestation and 57 patients (48.7%) without GIT manifestation; 31 patients had moderate infection 20 patients (64.5%) of them had GIT manifestation, and 11 patients (35.5%) without, 24 patients had mild infection 11 patients (45.8%) had GIT manifestation, and 13 patients( 54.2%) without. According to gender, 82 patients( 47.7%) were female (50 patients (61.0%) had GIT manifestation and 32 patients (39.9%) without), 90 patients (52.3%) were male (41 patients (45.65%) had GIT manifestation and 49 patients (54.4%) without). By comparison of inflammatory markers (in the form of CRP titer, D.Dimer, and sr. ferritin ) which were 99.21 ± 13.71, 2.13 ±0.28, and 642.66±49.95 respectively, in those with SARS-CoV-2 infection and 83.37±8.69, 2.19±0.34 and 606±58.57, respectively, for those with no GIT symptoms (p-value =0.34, 0.89, and 0.62, respectively). GIT manifestations are common symptoms in patients with COVID-19. The incidence of GIT manifestations is not affected by the disease severity in SARS-CoV-2 infection. Inflammatory markers (in the form of CRP titer, ferritin, and D-dimer) are not related to the incidence of GIT manifestations in COVID–19 infection.

Temperature Dependence of Photoluminescence and Calculation of Activation Energy for Thermal Quenching in Cspbbr₃ Perovskite

2025-10-13T04:40:19+00:00

This paper investigates the temperature dependence of the photoluminescence properties of inorganic perovskite CsPbBr₃. Nanoparticles were synthesized by a ligand-assisted method using CsBr and PbBr₂ as precursors, dimethyl sulfoxide as a solvent, and oleylamine and oleic acid as stabilizers. After purification by centrifugation with acetone, the samples were analyzed using a Shimadzu RF-6000 spectrofluorometer in the temperature range of 45–95 °C. With increasing temperature, the photoluminescence peak shifts from 448 nm (2.77 eV) at 45 °C to 567 nm (2.19 eV) at 95 °C. Simultaneously, the spectral line broadens from ~30 to ~40 nm (FWHM), and the emission intensity decreases by more than half. These changes result from band gap narrowing, enhanced electron–phonon coupling, and activation of defect states. The activation energy of non-radiative processes was calculated as Ea≈0.374 eV, consistent with literature data. The results clarify the mechanisms of thermal quenching in CsPbBr₃ and are relevant for perovskite-based optoelectronic devices.

Cognitive Insight: Unveiling Dementia Risk Through Retinal Imaging Analysis

2025-10-13T05:08:19+00:00

This project aims to investigate the feasibility and effectiveness of employing retinal imaging analysis via a camera connected to a Raspberry Pi to determine risk factors associated with various ocular disorders. The addition of Raspberry Pi makes it possible to take retinal pictures in a way that is both cheap and portable, allowing it to be used in places where resources are limited. Using image processing methods and machine learning algorithms, the retinal images are examined to identify potential risk factors, such as indicators of diabetic retinopathy or vascular anomalies. The suggested approach aims to enhance the early diagnosis and surveillance of ocular disorders, thereby enabling prompt intervention and preventive measures. Initial findings indicate favorable results regarding accuracy and efficiency, highlighting the potential of this methodology to transform preventive healthcare practices for ocular illnesses. This study investigates the use of ocular images to predict the risk of dementia. We aim to identify early symptoms of memory and reasoning impairments associated with dementia by examining these pictures. Our research focuses on developing a technique to help physicians identify individuals at risk for dementia early, thereby facilitating improved care and treatment. Advanced machine learning techniques can be used to analyze retinal images and identify subtle alterations that may indicate neurodegeneration. This method shows promise as a way to get early help and individualized healthcare plans that can help slow the course of dementia.

Spectrophotometric Determination of Sulfamethoxazole in Pure Form and its Pharmaceutical Formulation Using UV-Vis spectrophotometry

2025-10-17T09:40:10+00:00

A simple and sensitive spectrophotometric method was developed for the determination of Sulfamethoxazole (SMX) in pure and pharmaceutical forms. The method is based on an oxidative coupling reaction between SMX and 2-Naphthol (2-NPH) in an alkaline medium using N-Bromosuccinimide (NBS) as an oxidant, forming a stable red-colored product with maximum absorbance at 500 nm. Reaction conditions were optimized to achieve the highest color intensity and stability. Beer’s law was obeyed in the range of 4–20 µg mL⁻¹, with a molar absorptivity of 1.22 × 10⁴ L mol⁻¹ cm⁻¹ and limits of detection and quantification of 0.1457 µg mL⁻¹ and 0.4420 µg mL⁻¹, respectively. The method showed excellent accuracy and precision (recoveries of 99–101%, RSD < 2%) and was successfully applied to Bactrim tablets without interference from excipients. This method is simple, reproducible, and suitable for routine quality control of SMX.

Enhanced U-Net-Based Segmentation of Skin Lesions Using Multi-Year ISIC Datasets and Hybrid Training Pipeline

2025-10-17T09:49:45+00:00

The segmentation of medical images, particularly in the framework of skin lesion detection, is one of the key tools in the early diagnosis of melanoma. However, datasets with a single calendar year are often too homogenous to permit generalization, and the models will also favor overfitting. This paper proposes an enhanced U-Net architecture, trained on a combined set of the ISIC 2016, ISIC 2017, and ISIC 2018 corpora. By merging all of these datasets and using standardized preprocessing steps, such as resizing, normalizing, and augmentation, we enhance the diversity of data and strengthen the models. The resulting corpus consists of 5,494 pairs of images and masks, including 70 percent to be trained, 15 percent to be validated, and 15 percent to be tested. The model suggested several improvements, such as a compound DiceBCE loss, dropout regularization, and after-processing. Performance was measured over a range of quantitative measures, including the Dice coefficient, intersection over union, accuracy, specificity, and area under the receiver operating characteristic curve, with results showing Dice coefficients of 0.90 or above and excellent segmentation performance. These results support the claim that dataset integration across multiple years enhances the performance of a model and should be further adopted to integrate datasets across years in future studies to generate clinically valid artificial intelligence solutions.

Antimicrobial Resistance Patterns of Uropathogenic Escherichia Coli in Women: A Cross-Sectional Study Kirkuk

2025-10-21T22:46:44+00:00

Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are among the most common bacterial infections in women, primarily caused by Uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC). The increasing emergence of Antimicrobial Resistance (AMR) globally limits the effectiveness of commonly used antibiotics and complicates empirical therapy. This cross-sectional study included 100 urine samples collected from female patients with suspected UTIs in Kirkuk, Iraq. All samples were cultured and identified using the VITEK 2 Compact system (bioMérieux) according to CLSI guidelines. Fifteen samples (15% of total samples) yielded significant bacteriuria and were confirmed as E. coli, while the remaining samples showed either no bacterial growth or growth of non-target organisms. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing revealed high resistance rates (over 50%) to commonly prescribed oral antibiotics, including Amoxicillin (53.3\%) and Cefalexin (53.3\%). Moderate resistance was observed for Ampicillin/Sulbactam (40.0\%), Ciprofloxacin (33.3\%), and Trimethoprim–Sulfamethoxazole (33.3\% ). Lower resistance levels were recorded for most cephalosporins and \beta-lactam/\beta-lactamase inhibitor combinations. Crucially, all isolates (15/15) remained 100\% susceptible to Amikacin, Tigecycline, Imipenem, and Meropenem. These findings highlight a significant and concerning shift in the resistance pattern among UPEC isolates in Kirkuk women. While common first-line oral treatments show limited effectiveness, Carbapenems, Amikacin, and Tigecycline remain reliable options for complicated cases. Continuous local surveillance is essential to guide updated empirical treatment protocols and mitigate the spread of multi-drug resistant strains.

Atrial Fibrillation Complications in COVID-19-Infected Patients

2025-10-25T04:57:16+00:00

Atrial fibrillation (AF) is the most prevalent chronic cardiac arrhythmia and frequently occurs with chronic heart failure (CHF) and make them a significant health and survival burden to elderly patients. The outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic has made this already difficult clinical picture even more complex. The virus enhances cardiovascular dysfunction with effects which include increased inflammatory reactions, destruction of the endothelial cell lining, and a high probability of blood thrombosis. Despite the growing recognition of these intertwined processes, there remains a notable lack of detailed comparative data examining how complications manifest and evolve in patients suffering from both AF and CHF whether or not they have contracted COVID-19. This retrospective analytical investigation was performed at the Cardiology Department of Andijan State Medical Institute and included 285 patients aged 60–74 years diagnosed with AF and CHF. According to the status of COVID-19, there were 145 patients in the group of the infected, and 140 patients as controls. It was shown that the frequency of thromboembolic events in the infected cohort pulmonary embolism (12% vs. 5%), and ischemic stroke (15% vs. 8) were significantly high. Additionally, infectious complications most evidently bacterial pneumonia had much higher incidence in COVID-19-positive patients. These observations highlight the critical influence that the infection of SARS-CoV-2 has on the clinical course of people with both atrial fibrillation and chronic heart failure. Altogether, the information highlights the importance of personalized anticoagulation interventions, strict attention to hemodynamic monitoring, and attentive care to infection prevention. It is a critical point to have such an integrated approach to reduce adverse events and enhance long-term outcomes in such a vulnerable patient group.

Evaluation of the Effectiveness of Focal and Panretinal Argon Laser Photocoagulation in Diabetic Retinopathy

2025-10-25T05:02:56+00:00

Diabetic retinopathy is still one of the major causes of visual loss among diabetic adults all around the world. This report assessed the clinical efficacy and safety of focal and panretinal argon laser photocoagulation in patients with different types of diabetic retinopathy. Information from recent clinical trials (2020-2025) was retrieved and analysed for the changes in visual acuity, macular thickness, and the number of complications or retreatment. The results show that the focal laser therapy is very efficient in reducing the diabetic macular oedema and improving the central vision, while the panretinal photocoagulation has a better long-term control of the proliferative disease (preventing the neovascularisation and the retinal detachment). Improved precision, decrease in retinal damage, and decreased time of the procedure with the use of newer technologies such as micropulse and navigated laser systems. Anti-VEGF combination regimens further enhanced the results and reduced the relapse rates. Overall, argon laser photocoagulation continues to be a vital element of evidence-based modern ophthalmologic practice, ensuring good stability of vision and disease progression in diabetic patients.