Relationship between diabetes mellitus and periodontal diseases in Tikrit City

Shaimaa Essa Ahmed

Authors

Shaimaa Essa Ahmed University of Tikrit

Keywords:

Type 2 diabetic, Oral hygiene, bone loss, tooth loss

Abstract

Context: Both Periodontal diseases and diabetes mellitus are widespread all over the world, and if left untreated they may eventually lead to teeth loss. Iraq has little information on periodontal health and treatment requirements. According to the statistics at hand, periodontal disease is highly prevalent in both diabetic and non-diabetic Iraqi residents of Tikit City.

The study's objective is to assess diabetic patients' periodontal health and compare it to that of non-diabetic patients in order to determine how diabetes affects Iraqi patients' periodontal health in Tikrit City. Materials and methods: From August 2022 to October 2022, a sample of 50 patients, comprising 25 non-diabetic and 25 type 2 diabetic patients, was chosen from the surgical department of Tikrit's specialized dental hospital. These patients were divided into 11 controlled type 2 diabetic patients and 14 uncontrolled type 2 diabetic patients, with ages ranging from 18 to 70. Each patient's clinical attachment loss, bone loss, tooth loss, oral hygiene practices, progression, and diagnosis were all documented. Findings: 24% of patients without diabetes have gingivitis; 8% of patients with managed type 2 diabetes have stage 1 periodontitis; 10% of patients with uncontrolled type 2 diabetes have stage 1 periodontitis; and the same number have stage 2 periodontitis. The findings clearly indicate a significantly elevated risk associated with diabetes. As a result, periodontal disease need to be regarded as a general DM consequence. In conclusion, controlling blood sugar levels greatly improves periodontal health. Public health campaigns should support and promote good dental hygiene and oral care practices. In order to improve oral health behaviors, dentists and dental hygienists should routinely inform, inspire, and evaluate their patients

References

G. J. Linden, A. Lyons, and F. A. Scannapieco, “Periodontal systemic associations: Review of the evidence,” J. Periodontol., vol. 84, suppl., pp. S8–S19, 2013.

International Diabetes Federation, IDF Diabetes Atlas, 9th ed. Brussels, Belgium: IDF, 2019, pp. 5–9.

F. Sgolastra, M. Severino, D. Pietropaoli, et al., “Effectiveness of periodontal treatment to improve metabolic control in patients with chronic periodontitis and type 2 diabetes: A meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials,” J. Periodontol., vol. 84, no. 7, pp. 958–973, 2013.

B. Rohani, “Oral manifestations in patients with diabetes mellitus,” World J. Diabetes, vol. 10, no. 9, pp. 485–489, 2019, doi:10.4239/wjd.v10.i9.485.

C. E. Ndumele, A. D. Pradhan, and P. M. Ridker, “Interrelationships between inflammation, C-reactive protein, and insulin resistance,” J. Cardiometab. Syndr., vol. 1, no. 3, pp. 190–196, 2006.

B. L. Mealey and T. W. Oates, “Diabetes mellitus and periodontal diseases,” J. Periodontol., vol. 77, no. 8, pp. 1289–1303, 2006.

J. H. Pombo and A. G. Arno, “Effects of diabetes on periodontal disease,” Periodoncia Osteointegr., vol. 23, pp. 167–176, 2013.

D. Zhao, Y. Sun, X. Li, X. Wang, L. Lu, and C. Li, et al., “Association between periodontitis and HbA1c levels in non-diabetic patients: A systematic review and meta-analysis,” Healthcare (Basel), vol. 11, no. 19, p. 2649, Sep. 2023, doi:10.3390/healthcare11192649.

Y. Sun, W. Zhang, L. Lu, D. Zhao, S. Wang, and Y. Pan, et al., “Effect of non-surgical periodontal therapy on hemoglobin A1c in periodontitis patients without diabetes mellitus: A systematic review and meta-analysis,” J. Dent., vol. 145, p. 104974, Jun. 2024, doi:10.1016/j.jdent.2024.104974.

W. K. Leung, S. C. Siu, F. C. Chu, et al., “Oral health status of low-income, middle-aged to elderly Hong Kong Chinese with type 2 diabetes mellitus,” Oral Health Prev. Dent., vol. 6, no. 2, pp. 105–118, 2008.

D. Zhao, Y. Sun, X. Li, et al., “Association between periodontitis and HbA1c levels in non-diabetic patients: A systematic review and meta-analysis,” Healthcare (Basel), vol. 11, no. 19, p. 2649, 2023, doi:10.3390/healthcare11192649.

C. Z. Wu, Y. H. Yuan, H. H. Liu, et al., “Epidemiologic relationship between periodontitis and type 2 diabetes mellitus,” BMC Oral Health, vol. 20, no. 1, pp. 1–15, 2020, doi:10.1186/s12903-020-01180-w.

Z. Zainal Abidin, Z. Zainuren, E. Noor, N. Mohd Nor, S. Mohd Saffian, and R. Abdul Halim, “Periodontal health status of children and adolescents with diabetes mellitus: A systematic review and meta-analysis,” Aust. Dent. J., vol. 66, no. 1, pp. 15–26, 2021, doi:10.1111/adj.12845.

D. Zhao, Y. Sun, X. Li, X. Wang, L. Lu, and C. Li, et al., “Association between periodontitis and HbA1c levels in non-diabetic patients: A systematic review and meta-analysis,” Healthcare (Basel), vol. 11, no. 19, p. 2649, 2023, doi:10.3390/healthcare11192649.

Y. Sun, W. Zhang, L. Lu, D. Zhao, S. Wang, and Y. Pan, et al., “Effect of non-surgical periodontal therapy on hemoglobin A1c in periodontitis patients without diabetes mellitus: A systematic review and meta-analysis,” J. Dent., vol. 145, p. 104974, 2024, doi:10.1016/j.jdent.2024.104974.

P. A. Moore, T. Orchard, J. Guggenheimer, and R. J. Weyant, “Diabetes and oral health promotion: A survey of disease prevention behaviors,” J. Am. Dent. Assoc., vol. 131, no. 9, pp. 1333–1341, 2000.

M. K. Parakh, A. Kasi, V. Ayyappan, and P. Subramani, “Knowledge and awareness of oral manifestations of diabetes mellitus and oral health assessment among diabetes mellitus patients: A cross-sectional study,” Curr. Diabetes Rev., vol. 16, no. 2, pp. 156–164, 2020.

P. Poudel, R. Griffiths, V. W. Wong, et al., “Oral health knowledge, attitudes and care practices of people with diabetes: A systematic review,” BMC Public Health, vol. 18, no. 1, p. 577, 2018.