Enterobius Vermicularis: Biology, Transmission, and Control Strategies (Review)

Weam Abbas  Hamad; Baraa Jaleel  Saeed; Wegdan Hason  Atiya; Mohammed Jawad  Kadhim

doi:10.51699/cajmns.v7i1.3073

Authors

Weam Abbas Hamad Polytechnic College, Al-Qadisiyah, Al-Furat Al-Awsat Technical University, Iraq
Baraa Jaleel Saeed Polytechnic College, Al-Qadisiyah, Al-Furat Al-Awsat Technical University, Iraq
Wegdan Hason Atiya Polytechnic College, Al-Qadisiyah, Al-Furat Al-Awsat Technical University, Iraq
Mohammed Jawad Kadhim Medical and Biological Physics College, University of Kut, Iraq

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.51699/cajmns.v7i1.3073

Keywords:

Roundworm, Oxyuridae, Common intestinal parasite, Nocturnal perianal itching

Abstract

Enterobius vermicularis, commonly known as pinworm or threadworm, is one of the most prevalent intestinal nematodes worldwide, infecting approximately one billion people across all socioeconomic groups, particularly children. This review aims to comprehensively describe the biology, life cycle, transmission routes, pathogenicity, diagnostic methods, and prevention strategies of E. vermicularis. The parasite exhibits a direct life cycle, with infection occurring mainly through ingestion or inhalation of embryonated eggs, facilitated by poor hygiene, overcrowded living conditions, and contaminated environments. Although many infections are asymptomatic, enterobiasis may cause significant clinical manifestations such as nocturnal perianal itching, sleep disturbances, gastrointestinal discomfort, secondary bacterial infections, and in severe cases, complications affecting the genitourinary and nervous systems. Diagnosis primarily relies on microscopic stool examination and the Scotch tape test, which remain the most effective and widely used techniques for detecting pinworm eggs. Control of enterobiasis is challenging due to frequent reinfection and the high transmissibility of eggs; therefore, preventive measures emphasize personal hygiene, environmental sanitation, health education, and periodic screening, particularly among school-aged children. This review highlights the public health importance of E. vermicularis infection and underscores the need for integrated control strategies to reduce its prevalence and associated health impacts, especially in developing regions.

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